There are three common shapes of bacteria: spiral, rod-shaped, and spherical. The spherical shaped bacteria are usually formed in long chains. Rod-shaped bacteria looks like abstract art and spiral bacteria looks like DNA strands (Johnson 339). Even though they may look interesting, they can have an awful effect. One type of spiral shaped bacteria sometimes causes kidney and liver damage. This spiral-shaped bacterium is called Leptospira. Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical bacteria that can cause skin infections (Johnson 339).

Although there are three major shapes of bacteria, there is a certain general structure to all bacterial cells. There is no nucleus in a bacterium. All of the genes of the bacterium are located on one molecule of DNA in the middle of the bacterium. Some bacter

Olives and yogurt are products of bacterial decomposition. The more decomposition the more flavor the food has. Modern technology can also “reprogram” bacteria to isolate insulin which is used as a medicine. Instead of killing animals in the slaughterhouse and getting it out of their pancreas the insulin that diabetics need comes from bacteria (Johnson 347).

Bacteria can grow in the human bodies, which can have the bad side effect of causing illness. Bacteria that make humans sick can come through food or water. Harmful bacteria in food cause botulism, which can cause paralysis or even death if even one-millionth of the bacterium is consumed. This harmful bacteria can grow in improperly canned food and it lives in soil. Salmonella is another harmful bacterium. The symptoms aren’t nearly as bad as botulism but it can still be fatal. The best way to avoid getting salmonella is to wash kitchen work areas with hot, soapy water (Johnson 349).

Pasteurization is the heating up of the substance to kill any unwanted bacteria and its toxins (Todar 1). When the pasteurized substance is cooled down to a few degrees above freezing it eliminates bacteria as well to get rid of the bacteria in the substance.

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