husbands and wives or between other individuals in intimate relationships,

between former spouses, and between gay and lesbian partners. Abuse between

intimate partners can take many forms. It may include emotional or verbal abuse,

denial of access to resources or money, restraint of normal activities or freedom

(including isolation from friends and family), sexual coercion or assault, threats to

kill or to harm, and physical intimidation or attacks. In extreme cases, domestic

violence may result in the death of a partner. According to the federal bureau of

Investigation (FBI), in 1996, more than 1300 women in the United States were

killed by their husbands or boyfriends – approximately 30 percent of all female

homicide victims. Murder by intimates accounts for about 9 percent of all

relationships. The violence is often institutionalized, or formalized in societal

that a wife could not refuse consent for having sex with her husband. Because

the United States have sponsored campaigns to raise public awareness of

In finally, the laws of all 50 U.S. states (provide) that domestic violence is a

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