Dark Matter
Two people have been credited for determining the need for dark matter. The first was astronomer Jan Oort, who back in 1932 measured the perpendicular motions of nearby stars relative to the disk of our galaxy. By studying the gravitational influence of the disk on these stars he was able to calculate the mass of the disk. The value he determined was twice as much as that inferred by the visible stars and nebulae in that region. A year later in 1933 astronomer Fritz Zwicky estimated the mass of a group of galaxies by measuring their brightness. When Zwicky used a different method of calculating the mass of the cluster he found it to be 400 times the value from directly inferring the mass from the brightness of the cluster. In both cases Oort and Zxwicky came to the conclusion that the visible galaxies only accounted for 10% of the mass needed to keep them gravitationally in the cluster. Based on 70 years of accumulated observations of the motions of galaxies and the expansion of the universe, most astronomers believe that as much as 90% of the stuff constituting the universe may be objects or particles that cannot be seen. In other words, most of the universe’s matter does not radiate – it provides no glow that
The second theory group for dark matter are called Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMPs). Particle physicists theorize that WIMPs are tiny non-baryonic particles that usually only interact with baryonic particles gravitationally. Therefore they would pass through normal matter. The problem with detecting WIMPs is that they rarely interact with normal matter other than gravitationally. In order for WIMPs to be a plausible candidate for the explanation of dark matter there must be millions of WIMPs passing through normal matter every few seconds. MACHO’s are sought after by astronomers, and WIMPs by physicists. But most astronomers would agree that MACHOs alone do not make up enough accountable mass. Now in the 21st century, Zwicky and Oort’s theories have been further enhanced. We have already observed in clusters of galaxies that the motion of galaxies within a cluster suggests that they are bound by a total gravitational force due to about 5-10 times as much matter as can be accounted for from luminous matter in said galaxies. But it is also theorized that within an individual galaxy, you can measure the rate of rotation of the stars about the galactic center of rotation. The resultant “rotation curve” is simply related to the distribution of
Some topics in this essay:
Zwicky Oort’s,
WIMPs Particle,
MACHOs Machos,
Oort Zxwicky,
Earth MACHO,
Black Holes,
Jan Oort,
NASA’s Hubble,
Fritz Zwicky,
Holes Red,
dark matter,
black holes,
red dwarf,
red dwarfs,
normal matter,
black holes red,
times matter,
astronomers believe,
matter galaxy,
black hole,
it’s own,
red dwarf stars,
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Approximate Word count = 863
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page double spaced)
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