t on preferences displayed by measures of attachment behavior (Lamb, Frodi A., Frodi M., &Hwang, 1983). The observed social behavior of children and parents from stepfather families was also taken into consideration as a

Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang (1983) studied the effects of paternal involvement on infant preferences for mothers and fathers. The participants were 45 Swedish infants who were observed in their own home, interacting with their mothers and fathers, from age eight to sixteen months old (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). Fifteen of the fathers had spent at least one month as the child’s primary caretaker (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). The families were observed at home during a time that was convenient to the parents. Both parents had to be present so the observations usually took place in the evenings. The parents were asked to behave as naturally as possible. They were able to leave the room at any time, but were encouraged to stay in the same room as the child as much as possible (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). Two investigators performed each visit. One observer recorded the social interactions using a keyboard device that aut!

omatically encoded the time of each entry. The other investigator, the visitor, interacted with the parents and infant to help make them feel comfortable about being observed (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). The study showed that the infants revealed a preference for mothers in the display of attachment behaviors (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). The study also revealed no effect of increase paternal involvement on the patterns of preference (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). The infants revealed no effects of increased paternal involvement on sex differences (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). The playfulness of fathers helps make them effectively salient to their infants, and this facilitates the formation of infant-father attachments even though infants spend substantially less time with their fathers than with their mothers (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). The unexpected absence of effects attributable to degree of paternal involvement in care taking is also consistent with the arguments stating that infants did not behave differently toward either parent depending on the degree of paternal involvement in care taking (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). Analyses revealed that degree of paternal involvement had no effect on preferences displayed on measures of attachment and behaviors affiliated with the attachment (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). They believe this evidence came about because Swedish fathers are not distinguished by involvement in play so are less effectively salient to their infants (lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983). I liked the use of the two investigators during the observation. Both investigators had very important jobs, and I believe they played a crucial role in finding the results of this study. The use of observance during a natural setting was also beneficial. On the other hand I think that more investigation and observance should have been done on American infants instead of Swedish infants. A broader sample should have been used. The article stated that Swedish fathers were not distinguished by an involvement on infant preferences for mothers and fathers (Lamb, Frodi M., Frodi A., & Hwang, 1983).

together and then they were asked to discuss the main problems of the family (Santrock, Warshak, Lindbergh, & Meadows, 1982). They were always asked in that order because the first question provoked less anxiety. Parent and child behaviors were rated separately on nine point scales at the end of each of the two, ten minutes sessions (Santrock, Warshak, Lindbergh, & Meadows, 1982). The child categories were chosen to represent several personality variables that have been of interest to researchers who study children growing up in many different family structures. Warmth, independence, and sociability were all observed (Santrock, Warshak, Lindbergh, & Meadows, 1982). The study concluded that social behavior of children is not necessarily less com

Some topics in this essay:
Lindbergh Meadows, Radin Harold-Goldsmith, Frodi Hwang, Svanum Bringle, Warshak Lindbergh, Bringle Mclaughlin, Child Development, Frodi Frodi, Bringle Mclauglin, Svanum Mclaughlin, warshak lindbergh, santrock warshak, santrock warshak lindbergh, lamb frodi frodi, meadows 1982, lindbergh meadows, lamb frodi, warshak lindbergh meadows, lindbergh meadows 1982, frodi frodi, frodi hwang, hwang 1983, frodi frodi hwang, svanum bringle, harold-goldsmith 1989,