n Europe and consisted of new immigrant groups - Poles, Russian Jews, Ukrainians, Slovaks, Croatians, Slovenes, Hungarians, Romanians, Italians, and Greeks.

Race of Immigrants: The European population originated from three major streams: English and

Dislikes: Fearing the newcomers would destroy American institutions or take away land and jobs from those already in the United States, many tried to restrict the rights of immigrants as well as the numbers entering the country. The American Federation of Labor, for example, supported immigration restriction. In 1920 Californians denied Japanese newcomers the right to own land, and in Illinois native-born citizens turned on Italian settlers, beating them and burning their homes. Immigration Restriction League was founded in 1894 by a group of Boston lawyers, professors, and philanthropists who were alarmed by the large number of immigrants entering America each year. The league urged that immigrants be required to demonstrate literacy in some language. In theory a literacy test would not discriminate against the people of any particular race, creed, or color. But in reality it would keep out many of the "new" immigrants from southern and eastern Europe - whom league members considered inferior beings, likely to become criminals or public charges if admitted. Congress passed a literacy bill in 1897, but President Grover Cleveland vetoed it. In 1917, however, as wartime hysteria fed American xenophobia, another literacy bill was passed over by President Woodrow Wilson's veto. After 1917, as key members lost interest or passed away, the Immigration Restriction League declined in influence. The Chinese Immigration Act of 1882 prevented more Chinese from immigrating for the next six decades.

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