The process theories focus on how behavior is energized and directed and how it is related to performance and satisfaction. The process theory has three basic theories (1) expectancy theory, (2) reinforcement theory, and (3) equity theory. Expectancy theory focuses on how workers decide which specific behaviors to perform and how much effort to exert. In other words, expectancy theory is concerned with how workers make choices among alternative behaviors and levels of effort. With its emphasis on choices, expectancy theory focuses on workers' perceptions and thoughts or cognitive processes. Sometimes workers are not motivated to perform at a high level because they do not perceive that high performance will lead to extra benefits (such as pay raises, time off, and
ined employees, assigning experienced employees to assist in training and development. (3) With trained and motivated employees, delegating authority and supervising by results rather than using close supervision (4) In dealing with complex problems or special projects, calling employees in and getting their ideas (5) Assigning employees to special ad hoc task forces for developing recommendations on key issues (6) Complimenting and recognizing employees for good work
promotions). When workers think that good performance goes unrecognized, their motivation to perform at a high level tends to be low. When workers do not believe that performance is instrumental to obtaining rewards, management can take steps to rectify the situation and ensure that performance lead
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