The disaster had a tremendous impact on the world’s climate. Two explosions were followed by a prolonged release of large quantities of radioactive substances to the atmosphere. A widespread distribution of radioactivity throughout the Northern Hemisphere took place right after the accident. A contributing factor was the variation of meteorological conditions and wind regimes during the period of release. Activity transported by the multiple plumes from Chernobyl was measured not only in Northern and in Southern Europe, but also in Canada, Japan and the United States.

The health impact of the Chernobyl accident can be described in terms of

The population of Ukraine was estimated in 1997 at 50,447,719, giving the country a population density of 84 persons per sq km (216 per sq mi). The most notable recent demographic trend has been a decline in population—with an estimated loss of nearly 1.2 million between 1990 and 1997—due to death rates exceeding birth rates. Leading factors in the country’s low fertility and high mortality rates are environmental pollution, poor diet and stress.

acute health effects (death, severe health impairment), late health effects (cancers) and psychological effects liable to affect health. The acute health effects occurred among the plant personnel and the persons who intervened in the emergency phase to fight fires, provide medical aid and immediate clean-up operations. A total of 31 persons died as a consequence of the accident, and about 140 persons suffered various degrees of radiation sickness and health impairment (NEA95). No members of the general public suffered these kinds of effects.

An important effect of the accident, which has a bearing on health, is the appearance of a widespread status of psychological stress in the populations affected. It is mostly observed in the contaminated regions of the former Soviet Union, it r

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