After the election, Roosevelt entered into the third and final phase of his New Deal. This late portion of the New Deal administration was initially focused on decreasing the prevalence of impoverished people across America. Unfortunately, much of this later period would be focused on reforms within the government. These internal reforms were aimed at a problematic and very conservative Supreme Court as well as the lesser courts in the judicial system. Roosevelt was bitter about the many programs that had been overturned by the Supreme Court. He tried to add more youthful justices to the Court and thereby reduce the strong conservative trends held there. This aggressive action and attempt to load the bench with sympathetic justices was quickly met with resistance in the Republican Party as well as with many members of the Democratic Party. The public also lost enthusiasm in Roosevelt for these almost dictatorial tactics. Roosevelt eventually conceded and backed down in the face of public criticism over the attempt to manipulate the time- honored institution. The Court would eventually change its position and even support some controversial reform programs. His attempt to reorganize the Court dissipated energy and slowed the momentum of his legislative program (791). The third period of the New Deal included some more legislation on issues addressed in the previous periods. Organizations like the Farm Security Administration (FSA), the Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC), and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) were introduced to provide more relief, along with existing organizations, for the farming industry, migratory workers, and homeowners. The Federal Housing Administration provided long term, low interest loans for households in order to save many from foreclosure. New Deal housing policies helped make the suburban home with the long FHA mortgage part of the American way of life, but the policies also contributed to the decline of many urban neighborhoods (792).

Of all the legislation introduced in this period, none were more important than the Fair Labor Standards Act. This established the minimum wage concept and provided for subsequent increases in the minimum wage over a period of time. The policy also improved the standards of labor for most groups. The workweek was reduced to the now standard 40 hours per week with the exception for agricultural workers and household servants. When this program was implemented many workers enjoyed an immediate increase in pay and now had much more disposable income in the home. This program also set age limits and did not place any emphasis on gender. This made anyone under the age of 16 unavailable for work in most industries. By doing this, the government effectively eliminated the shocking abuses endured by children as they were sent off to work in order to contribute to their household’s income. And without emphasizing the matter, the law made no distinction between men and women, thus diminishing, if not completely ending, the need for special legislation for women (793).

Banks had been closing all over the country due to frightened citizens withdrawing all of their money. In order to increase trust in the banking system, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933. The bill gave the president broad powers over financial transactions, prohibited the hoarding of gold, and allowed for the reopening of sound banks, sometimes with loans from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (Nash and Jefferey et al 777). It also passed the Banking Act of 1933, which strengthened the Federal Reserve System, established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and insured individual deposits up to $5,000 (777). These legislative acts encouraged the public to once again trust their banks, and to deposit their money back in them instead of hiding it at home in or under the proverbial mattress. The allowance for insurance limits was increased greatly, later on

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