A brief chronology of Islamic Empire:

In 570 ad the prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca of the Hashim clan, belonging to the tribe of Quraish. His father’s name is Abdullah and his mother’s name is Amina. Mohammed’s father died before he was born and at the age of six he lost his mother. After the death of his father, his grand father Adbul Muttalib and his uncle Abu Talib raised him. At the age of twenty Mohammed began to work for a widow named Khadijah as a merchant actively engaged with trading caravans to the north. Later in time Mohammed married Khadijah. When Mohammed was forty years old the most important event of Islam took place in the cave of Mount Hira where Mohammed used to meditate. T

In the beginning Mohammed revealed his experience with his family and friends. Beside his family Abu-Bakkar his father-in-law was the first person to join the religion of Islam. During the next three years Mohammed delivered the message of Allah to the people of Mecca. Unfortunately most of the people didn’t want to abandon paganism and embrace Islam as their faith. After Mohammed had preached publicly for more than a decade in Mecca he and his followers were forced to leave. Mohammed and his followers moved to a city name medina. This migration is known as the Hijra. Mohammed was an intelligent person as a leader. In Medina he created a unified community by tolerating the tribe differences. As Mohammed’s popularity grew he and his supporters moved against the pagans of Mecca. The first battle was on March 16, 624 AD, which took place near a small town name Badr. Even though the Muslims won the war they weren’t strong enough to take over Mecca. Two years after!

In 644 Umar was assassinated and Uthman becomes the next Caliph. Unfortunately Uthman was also assassinated on 656 due to political reason in Mecca. Ali becomes the next caliph but he was also assassinated on 656 at the Battle of Camel. The last two caliphs were assassinated due to the internal political struggle of the Muslims. On 661 Mu’awiyah of the Meccan Umayyad family becomes caliph and moves capital from Mecca to Damascus. On 711 AD Muslim forces cross Strait of Gibraltar and begin the conquest of Spain. It was convenient for Muslims to conquer Spain because the capital was moved to Damascus. During the rule of Umayyad the Islamic empire was facing a lot of internal dilemmas. The split of Shia’s and Sunnis among Muslims created chaos. Despite the problems the Umayyad caliphs managed to conquer most of North African continent Turkey and India. The Berber group of Africa resisted the Arab rule but later in the time they embraced Islam and also helped he Arabs to conquer land in Europe. During the time period 724-743 the Islamic empire reached it’s greatest extent under the rule of Caliph Hisham who was the last caliph of Umayyad family.

In the beginning of Islam, Mohammed’s goal was to educate people about the religion. Later in the time he and his followers conquered lands around Arabia to make it an Islamic empire. In order to gain strong control over these lands the Muslims built a strong army and navy. With the help of the navy and army Muslims were able to conquer parts of Asia. The Muslims influenced the economy, political, social and religious structure of the land they conquered.

After Mohammed’s death on 632 AD four of his closest men created a system of government called a caliphate. The first caliph was Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr ruled for two years but during this time major improvements were made. During his time the Arabs managed to conquer the Sassanians in Persia and the Byzantines in Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. People living under these regimes were very oppressed. Muslims continued to be pluralistic, coexisting with Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians. Muslims left existing political administrative systems in these conquered lands. On 634AD Abu Bakr died and Umar became the next caliph. Umar extended Islam's secular rule over Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia. During the period of Umar the Byzantines were defeated near River Yarmuk. Under the rule of Umar, Muslims managed to gain control over Jerusalem and victory over Persian Empire. Umar ruled as a caliph for ten years. During his time the army improved. The army learned to use the elephant in wars from Persians. Umar is admired for his justice, social ideals, adminis

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