The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was approved December 11, 1980. This was a trust fund of over $1.6 billion dollars to be used for the next five years to promote clean up. This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment (EPA). In 1982, the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) were included in Superfund. This was the federal government's blueprint for responding to both oil spills and hazardous substance releases (EPA). The Hazard Ranking System was added to the NCP on July 16, 1982. It is the principal mechanism EPA uses to place uncontrolled waste sites on the NPL. It is a numerically based screening syst

The most current site around the area is the Everdure, inc. site in Orange County. This Superfund site assessment personnel will test surface and ground water for hazardous materials during a site inspection November 16 - 18. they hope to find out if chemicals from this former wood treating facility have migrated off-site into the surrounding water. data collected will be used to determine if the site qualifies for placement on EPA's national priorities list of severely contaminated sites. this is the second time Superfund workers have taken action at the Everdure site. in 1996, crews completed an emergency response involving a threat from chromium copper arsenate, a hazardous substance used in wood treatment(EPA).

The U.S. Titanium site was put on the NPL list on December 30, 1982. It was legally allowed cleanup on September 8, 1983. The U.S. Titanium site is in Nelson County, Virginia. It was owned by American Cyanamid Company plant. This company refined titanium ore and manufactured titanium dioxide. It was in operation from 1931 to 1971. In 1977 through 1981 many fish were found dead in the Piney River and the Tye River. This alarmed many people. The storm runoff from the plant was seeping into the ground and flowing into the rivers. The acidic Ferrous Sulfate was the major contaminant. Since the fish were dying many people wondered if the same water was in going into their drinking water. It turned out that it did run into their drinking water. Because of this and the 200,000 fish that died the EPA was called in to look at the site. The Piney River has not been able to support fish for 40 years. It is improving little by little now that the operations of the plant have stopped. There were a total of seven waste facilities, mostly ponds and burial pits. The chemicals that were found at the site were: arsenic, chromium, phosphate ore, filter cake, unreacted ore, gypsum, aluminum, iron, copper, nickel, zinc, cadmium, and ferrous sulfate. To clean up this area the actions taken were as follows: dissolving the buried copperas waste in place and treating the generated leachate aboveground; stabilizing other areas of the site by implementing drainage controls and establishing vegetative covers; collecting groundwater at the bottom of the slope and treating it using a combination of chemical and biological (wetland) processes; liming of acidified soil in areas associated with the implementation of groundwater treatment; diverting surface run-off from groundwater treatment areas and former sedimentation ponds; installing 100-year flood protection around the former sedimentation ponds and groundwater treatment areas; installing security fences around waste and groundwater treatment areas; and conducting environmental monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of the remedial action (EPA). The total cost for the U.S. Titanium site is $6 million. Cytec Industries is held res

Some topics in this essay:
Piney River, County Superfund, Act SARA, Arsenic Cyanide, Cockerille Chemical, Missouri Electric, Stockton River, Act CERCLA, NPL EPA, EPA’s NPL, chemical company, groundwater treatment, greenwood chemical, greenwood chemical company, titanium site, superfund program, drinking water, national priorities, toxic waste, waste sites, priorities list, national priorities list, former sedimentation ponds, priorities list npl, american cyanamid company,