Unlike other epochs of history where multiple struggles took place between the respective parties involved, people of the bourgeois society are dividing into only two major groups, “two great classes directly facing each other: bourgeoisie and proletariat.”

After the discovery of America, when trade with the colonies and other markets around the world began to expand, there became a rapid development in navigation, industry, commerce, and so forth. Closed guilds that monopolized production were no longer able to meet the demands of growing markets, and were replaced by the manufacturing middle class. As markets grew even more, machinery and steam engines completely revolutionized industrial production. “The place of manufacture was taken by the giant, modern industry, the place of the industrial mid

The communists are not a party opposed to other working class parties, and have no interests separate from the proletariat as a whole. They are distinguished from other working-class parties because:

6. Centralized communication and mass transportation controlled by the state.

dle class, by industrial millionaires, and the leaders of whole industrial armies, the modern bourgeois.”

8. Creation of industrial armies, especially for agriculture, with liability of all to labor.

Some topics in this essay:
, bourgeois society, modern industry, political power, production “the, markets world, class antagonisms, working-class parties, industrial armies, free development, middle class,