Bi-polar affective disorder, formerly known as manic-depression is a disorder that is characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes and often one or more major depressive episodes. The DSM-IV has divided bipolar disorder into two types. In bipolar I disorder the person has at least one manic (or mixed) episode and usually but not necessarily, at least one major depressive episode as well. “There are six separate criteria sets for Bipolar I disorder: single manic episode, most recent episode hypomanic, most recent episode manic, most recent episode mixed, most recent episode depressed, and most recent episode unspecified. In bipolar II disorder the person has had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but has never met the diagnostic criteria for manic or mixed episode” (DSM IV). Children and adolescents are also diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Although the DSM-IV criterion for bipolar disorder is used, due to the difficulty and difference in their symptoms, bipolar disorder in children will be discussed separately. “There are many people who chroni

Cade JFL Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement Med J Aust 1949;36:349-52.

B. During the period of mood disturbance, three (or more) of the following symptoms have persisted (four if the mood is only irritable) and have been present to a significant degree:

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