Biological and chemical warfare both have long histories. In the 400\'s B.C., the Spartans used pitch and sulfur in a form of chemical warfare during the Peloponnesian War. During medieval times, soldiers sometimes threw bodies of people who died from the plague over the walls of besieged cities or into water wells. Between 1689-1763, during the French and Indian wars, blankets used by smallpox victims were purposefully handed out to Indians in the hope that the blankets would infect the Indians with the disease. The introduction of gas came on April 22, 1915, during World War

I, when the Germans used it against allied forces at Ypres, Belgium. Gas was used widely by both sides. Mustard, chlorine, and phosg

ene were used extensively, and many other agents were tried. Gas caused nearly thirty percent of all United States casualties in the war. Gas was also used by Italy against Ethiopia in the Abyssinian campaign in 1936 and by Japan against China from 1937-1943. Gas was not used in World War II after Japan used it. Since then riot control agents have been used extensively around the world by various nations.

There are also other agents that are not as harmful. They are the lung irritants or incapacitating chemical agents. These may be designed to attack any specific body system, reducing one’s ability to function physically or mentally. One much used group of the incapacitates is the riot-control agents. The tear gases have been most used by countries for controlling domestic riots and in the war in South Vietnam. Agents can also be developed to cause effects such as those of heavy tranquilizers and morphine. Another type of incapacitate is the blister agent, which burns on contact, especially the skin, eyes, and the lining of the lungs. (“Chemical Weapons”, Science World, Vol. 47, No. 13, March 22, 1991.) Breathing in a mild dose may cause only hoarseness, coughing, and vomiting. Inhaling large amounts is fatal because fluid from the blood floods the injured lungs. Victims die by drowning in this fluid. Some chemical agents may be volatile—evaporating to form clouds of agent. Others may be persistent. These agents may act directly on the skin, lungs, and your membranes or be absorbed through your skin or lungs causing injury. (“Chemical- Biological Warfare Fact Sheet”, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., online)

method of artificial respiration is mouth-to-mouth. Against biological agents, the normal medical treatment for the disease would be used.

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