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Cloning |
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1. Cloning is the production of multiple, identical offspring. A clone is an animal that is genetically identical to its donor "parent". We now know that this can be achieved using cells derived from a microscopic embryo, a fetus, or from an adult animal. Cloning from adult animals was introduced to the public in 1997 when scientists announced the birth of Dolly, the first animal cloned in this way. There have now been hundreds of clones produced from skin cells taken from adult sheep, cattle, goats, pigs and mice. The real key to cloning an adult animal is the ability to reprogram the skin cell nucleus and cause it to begin developing as if it was a newly fertilized egg.
Cloning requires specialized microsurgery tools and involves five basic steps:
1. Enucleation of the recipient egg
2. Transfer of the donor cell into the recipient egg
3. Fusion of the donor cell to the recipient egg
4. Culturing the resulting cloned embryo in the incubator
5. Transferring the developing embryo into the reproductive tract of a surrogate mother
2. A compound microscope with a left and right hand micromanipulator is required in the cloning procedure. The microscope magnifies the specimen and the micromanipulators reduce the technician's
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Below are additional random excerpts from the paper...
5. Cry preserved skin cells, which were obtained from the donor animal, are thawed and allowed to grow in a Petri dish for several days. Each of these skin cells contains the identical genetic make-up or code of the donor animal to be cloned. Following the removal of the nucleus from the recipient egg, a single donor animal skin cell is removed from the growing colony. This is done by creating suction on the enucleation pipette.
9. There are some unknown factors in the egg that re-program the nucleus of the donor skin cell and fool it into thinking that it is now the nucleus of a 1-cell stage embryo. This embryo is cultured in the incubator and it begins cell division in a manner similar to that of a conventionally fertilized egg. It will divide into 2-cells, 4-cells, 8-cells, and etcetera. The incubation period lasts roughly 3 to 5 days.
4. A microscopic egg from the same species being cloned is placed in the Petri dish on the micromanipulator station for enucleation. Depending on the species, these eggs may be obtained from veterinarians that are spaying (removing the reproductive tract and ovaries from females) dogs and cats, or from an abattoir in the case of livestock. The egg is typically matured for about 24 hours so that the genetic material (DNA) is congregated in the nucleus. Using the syringe system to create a gentle suction, the egg is held in place by the holding pipette. The enucleation pipette is then used to pierce the eggshell and penetrate the egg membrane. Suction is applied and the nucleus containing the genetic material is removed and discarded.
Some topics in this essay:
,
donor cell,
recipient egg,
skin cell,
genetic material,
donor animal,
reproductive tract,
egg membrane,
donor animal skin,
genetically identical donor,
syringe system,
animal skin,
electrical charge,
cloned embryos transferred,
membrane donor cell,
egg donor cell,
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Approximate Word count = 1084
Approximate Pages = 4 (250 words per page double spaced)  |
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RELATED ESSAYS |
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Cloning Cloning, as of recent years, has become a very controversial issue. Society is firmly divided on the uses and ethics of cloning. .... |
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Cloning .... There are ways that cloning could "better " the human race. .... Through cloning we can now clone endangered species so that they are no longer endangered. .... |
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Cloning When you think of cloning, what comes to your mind? .... Well I will let you in on a secret, cloning DNA will not produce an identical person. .... |
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Cloning Cloning, as of recent years, has become a very controversial issue. Society is firmly divided on the uses and ethics of cloning. .... |
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Cloning .... Creating a child exactly like you want them it part of the process of cloning. .... People in opposition of cloning have many reasons to back up their opinion. .... |
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Cloning Cloning is a very controversial topic, since it relates to moral values of human beings. In February 1997, scientists in Scotland .... |
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PROFESSIONAL ESSAYS |
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Cloning Three kinds of cloning have been used: molecular cloning for genetic research, in which "scientists must make millions of identical copies of genes of |
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Cloning Cloning A Review Introduction Biological science has advance more rapidly than any other science in the past few decades. With the |
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Therapeutic Cloning Most people who object to cloning do not truly understand the process, and think of it only in terms of the cloning of a complete human being. |
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Therapeutic Cloning Cloning takes many forms, and is carried out every day in ways which are commonly acceptable. It allows scientists to develop new |
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Human Cloning Research In Support of Human Cloning Research I. Human Cloning and the Scientific Community A. One of the most controversial issues in scientific research and medical |
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Dolly and Cloning to a virgin birth: She had come into being not in the good old fashion mammalian way of egg and sperm coming together but rather through the cloning of the |
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