At the end of the First Meditation, thinking and perception remains certain because your own thinking and perception is the only thing you can believe because it exists in your mind and not in the external world, which can be altered by things such as the ‘evil genius’.

In discussing the existence of external objects, Descartes must also include the existence of God. The existence of God is based upon the ‘ontological argument’. The ontological argument is that God is a “being than which none greate

The counter argument is an argument against the ontological argument. It discusses that existence is an essential property and part of the definition of a thing, that is God. The counter argument says that existence is not a property and cannot be part of a definition.

r can be thought”. The meaning of the argument is that the concept of God is the greatest being who can be thought, and therefore He must exist.

The problem of perception develops with John Locke, who agrees with Descartes’ idea of physical substance. Locke can only know what originates in sense perception. Locke can not know anything by clear, distinct ideas or by the help of God. Locke can only know what exists in the external world through perception. The problem of perception continues with George Berkeley when Locke failed to prove that which we can only know what comes to us in our perceptions. Berkeley accepts the argument that we have no idea of what a substance might be and all we can ever know of a thing are its qualities; therefore, the materi

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