Teaching Math in 1950: A logger sells a truckload of lumber for $100. His cost of production is 4/5 of the price. What is his profit?

Teaching Math in 1960: A logger sells a truckload of lumber for $100. His cost of production is 4/5 of the price, or $80. What is his profit?

Teaching Math in 1970: A logger exchanges a set "L" of lumber for a set "M" of money. The cardinality of set "M" is $100. Each element is worth $1. Make 100 dots representing the elements of the set "M." The set "C," the cost of production, contains 20 fewer points than set "M." Represent the set "C" as a subset of set "M" and answer the following question: What is the cardinality of the set "P" for profits?

Teaching Math in 1980: A logger sells a truckload of lumber for $100. Her cost of production is $80 and her profit is $20. Your assignment: Underline the number 20.

Teaching Math in 1990: By cutting down beautiful forest trees, the logger

Even if you are trying very hard to be fair, it is actually quite difficult to phrase the question in a way that does not influence anyone's response. There are other ways surveys can go wrong, too; designing an accurate survey is a very difficult task, requiring much expertise. There are some organizations that do it well; for example, the Gallup organization specializes in conducting fair, scientifically reliable surveys. Still, it is an unfortunate fact that most surveys just cannot be trusted (especially political and advertising surveys).

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