Race Effect
Implicit studies of intelligence have been at the heart of psychology for the last two decades or so (Flugel, 1947; Shafer, 1999 in Furnham, 2001). The main concerns have been to look at the explicit theories on one hand and the implicit theories on the other. Sternberg (1990, in Furnham, 2001) differentiated between the two, defining the former as “constructions of psychologists… that are based on, or at least tested, on data collected from people performing tasks presumed to measure intellectual functioning” (p.53), and the latter as “constructions of people (psychologists or lay person’s or others) that reside in the minds of … individuals, whether as definition or otherwise” (p.54). Distinguishing the differences between the two, he argued, would further inform us on how people evaluate their own and other’s intelligence. This is the case with theories on gender and cultural differences in intelligence that have informed the lay people and governed their social behaviour (Brownlow & Durham, 1997). Issues concerning sex and race differences in intelligence continue to stimulate considerable debate (Furnham et al., 1999). Regardless of most tests having been devised so as not to indicat
In a study done in the United Kingdom, mothers rated their male children higher on mathematical and spatial intelligence than their fathers (Furnham, 2000) yet both parents perceived their sons to be better at both spatial intelligence and mathematical intelligence than their daughters. Still, the interesting finding was that this result was stronger for the first child as opposed to the second one, suggesting the cultural significance attached to first-born sons. Nevertheless, it may seem that this is not a ubiquitous phenomenon seeing that in some western societies liberalism and feminism have swayed such significances. “What is human intelligence?” This has been and still remains one of the most fascinating questions in psychology (Armour-Thomas & Gopaul-McNicol, 1998). It is said that even 200 years ago the Chinese and Greek philosophers pondered on this question in the same manner as the 20th Century psychologists. A definitive definition of intelligence remains elusive (ibid.). To offer more insights into the gender debate, this study focussed on parents’ estimation of the overall and multiple intelligences of their sons and daughters. They were asked to rate their first and second born child on all of the multiple intelligences postulated by Gardner’s (1983) theory of multiple intelligences. The parents also rated themselves. We used Gardner’s theory because its multifaceted classification of intelligence allows for a greater detailed analysis of where differences in lay people self-estimations lie (Furnham, 2001).
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Armourâ€Thomas Gopaul-McNicol,
Armour-Thomas Gopaul-McNicol,
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Galton Lawler,
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Approximate Word count = 4720
Approximate Pages = 19 (250 words per page double spaced)
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