Frederick Winslow Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth all made great contributions in the area of operational approach to management. As the United States moved into the industrial age, management faced with the challenge of changing the pre industrial revolution people (Eldred 2000a). Before the industrial revolution and the creation of large factories and assembly lines, artisan workers took great pride in their individual abilities and techniques. This pride led many tradesmen to go to great pains to keep the secrets of their trade a secret. The tradesmen would pass their techniques and tips onto thei

The Gilbreths conducted time and task studies to find the optimum way to perform a task. The Gilbreths coined the term “motion study”. The Gilbreths used micro-motion study-to-study short cycled movements as well as inventing cyclographs and chrono-cycle graphs to observe rhythm and movements (“Frank and Lillian” n.d.b).

Frederick Taylor also recognized the importance of standardization to improve efficiency, but developing and designing systems that are more efficient was his focus. He believed that by designing facilities for more efficient operation and by educating the workers and management that the success of the company would be mutually, beneficial maximum efficiency could be achieved (Robbins 2001a). He felt that it would be detrimental for management to attempt to force a change in the organizational culture; however, by a process of education and designing systems that facilitated efficiency then maximum efficiency would eventually be achieved (Robbins 2001b).

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