All these developments gave a change to the new middle class to discuss on politics, share their opinions and put their thoughts into action. The new social life of Italy gave an encouragement to the idea of Italian nationalism. The idea of unification of Italy was born during the Napoleonic era, and it was named Risorgimento. Riso

In 1814 with the defeat of Napoleon in Waterloo, Napoleonic time was over. The dream of a united Italy had to wait for a while, because the great powers of The Vienna Settlement, Russia, Austria, Prussia and Britain were willing to make Italy a little kid and keep her under the control of Austria. The idea of Italian nationalism was a nightmare for the great powers. In opposite of the Napoleonic era, the Vienna peacemakers decided on breaking up Italy into many little sovereigns; therefore, boundaries were drawn again, as Lombardy and Venetia, Piedmont, Modena, Tuscany, Naples and Parma. Main reasons for a new map were to prevent France to gain control over Italy and to suppress nationalist movements.

The 19th century began with reactions of the Risorgimento and the secret societies, against the Vienna restorations. The secret societies appeared with the gathering of the individuals with grievances against the monarchies in 18th century and carried out to the 19th century. After 1815 their goal was to drive out the Austrians and to overthrow the monarchy, so they had a great role in the Risorgimento. The best known and most important of the secret societies were the Carbonari. However, the Carbonari had poor defined and contradictory aims like other secret societies. Society members were from educated middle class that had widely different objectives. The extremists wished an united Italy under an elected presi

Some topics in this essay:
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