The Normal Delinquint
In “Discipline and Punish”, Michael Foucault presents an account of how criminals were understood in relation to the development of the modern prison system. He begins his account with what he calls the “official opening” of the Mettray prison where a French farm is transformed into a commune where juvenile criminals are sent (1611). Foucault specifically focuses on a moment, “when a child in Mettray remarked as he lay dying: ‘What a pity I left the colony so soon’” (1611). We see by these remarks how this child yearns to stay part of this community and how successful the work of this infrastructure was because “they [the prison staff] were in a sense technicians of behavior: engineers of conduct, orthopaedists of individuality” where, “their task was to produce bodies that were both docile and capable”(1611), and the staff have lead this child believe and desire to maintain his pursuit of betterment or ‘the norm’. The outcomes of this movement of were a series of six results establishing the idea of this program as a simple, gradual gradation that enabled each juvenile to eventually return to ‘the norm’. In the following outcome, Foucault remarks that the “car
Foucault concludes as do I that contrary to the repressive hypothesis, that modern society has seen a greater proliferation of discourse on sex than any other, leading to the specification and proliferation of the so-called perversities the ages purport to condemn. First, Foucault identifies adolescent and child sexuality as a launching pad for a general study of sex. When the education of teachers, parents, and doctors produces an understanding the dangers are grasped, leaving the authority on ‘alert’ to spot threat or traces of it. Secondly, Foucault sees the modern concept of homosexuality arising from a desire to see the sexuality as a fundamental aspect of who we are. Pre-nineteenth century, sodomy was regarded as a criminal act. Post-nineteenth century, sodomy becomes a manifestation of a person’s homosexual identity, therefore homosexuality ceased to be associated with certain acts rather it became part of a person’s identity. Thus, making sexual preference a key in interpreting behaviors. Homosexual acts then constituted a person’s identity, whereas they used to just be facts. Unlike eating habits of a vegetarian or the drinking habits of a drunkard, with homosexuality we try to explain other aspects of the person’s life (i.e. tone of voice, taste in music) in reference to the person’s sexual proclivities just as we do with an alcoholic, labeling actions as part of their problem. Third, Foucault sees the increased scrutiny on different forms of sexual behavior as part of what he calls “spirals of power and pleasure” allowing for “medicalization of sexuality” (1666). Seeing another’s pleasure give the observer pleasure because of the heightened awareness and the value given to the action. Fourth, Foucault sees that because of the scrutiny that sex has literally saturated the society forcing everything to be seen under the lens of sexuality. The laws subsequently became stricter prohibiting particular sexual comportments, as knowledge lead to power. A “somewhat simple-minded villager” paid a young girl for sexual favors and rather than receive the ‘slap on the hand’ he was subjected to “judicial action” and “medical intervention” where he was questioned analyzed, and eventually imprisoned for life (1658). A deed that once may have been overlooked was now being copiously written about in journals. Similar to this argument a new subject follows in “The History of Sexuality. Part Two: The Repressive Hypothesis” and its subsequent chapters one and two, “The Incitement of Discourse”, and “The Perverse Implantation”, respectively, which lend themselves again towards the same ideas of no
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Approximate Word count = 1806
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page double spaced)
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