The first characteristic of a civilization is the appearance of cities. Without cities there is no civilization. There are several factors that distinguish between a city and other populated areas. One is that there must be a significant number of people in a defined area of land; this is referred to as size. Next there must be specializations for the development of a city. The majority of people in a city do not work in food production instead they have a specialty, suc

Technology is needed for a civilization classification. The first appearance of bronze occurs about the same time as the first civilization. This mixture of tin and copper enables the development of better tools that stimulates the economy. Also the specialty of killing other human beings and advanced organized armies is under the category of technology.

The stabilization of Macedon consisted of Philip II getting rid of interior threats and uniting the kingdom. Interior threats consisted of barbarian threats, threats to the throne, and tribal loyalty. By unifying these tribes Philip II unifies Macedon. King Philip also created a more advanced army. Not only did he have a phalanx, he also had infantry and archers. He changed the hoplites weapons to sixteen-foot pikes instead of thrusting spears.

The last thing a civilization must have is the use of writing as an effective vehicle of communication. The first stage of writing, the Pictographic Stage, used the pictures to represent the drawn object. The problem was no abstract ideas could be represented. The second stage was the Ideographic Stage. This stage used pictures or symbols to represent sounds or ideas rather then the object.

The

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