The medieval period, headed by Aristotle, was infamous for its lack of new learning. Aristotle was most famous for his explanation of his casualty theory and its 4 causes. The efficient cause was God and the text of the bible. W.K.C. Guthrie who wrote ‘The Greek Philosophers’ (pp 125, Harper and Row publishers, NY, Sec. source) mentions that ‘Aristotle refused to believe, in his common sense, that this world was anything but real’. Then during the Reformation period, people were more sensitized towards looking for something different.

The Enlightenment began as a revolution for seeking new knowledge and bringing about new learning. Thinkers unanimously decided to abandon the exegetical knowledge pre-dominant in the medieval period. They required to find unprejudiced knowledge and decided that they had to emulate a scientific method in an attempt to gain this knowledge. Various thinkers had varied opinions and the reason why there was no revolution prior to the Enlightenment was quite plainly due to the fact that they had never come up with a definite decision-making process. Also, learning took place solely in Universities which made it difficult for peopl

Thinkers such as Brahe actually collected physical data over 20 years before they were able to prove that Aristotelian beliefs were misleading. Brahe eventually proved that stars were in fact created, contrary to Aristotle’s beliefs that the ‘heavens’ were eternal. He also noticed a comet move in non-circular motion suggesting again that Aristotle’s linear motion theory was indeed wrong. Kepler, on the other hand, used Brahe’s data to support Copernicus’ theory of the elliptical orbit that mars rotated upon. The invention of the telescope by Galileo disproved Aristotle’s heavenly motion theory yet again but was soon arrested on charges of ‘condemning’ the bible.

Principle 3: 2 + 2 = 4 before other knowledge in Math.

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