Mandalas create circular symbolic designs, similar to that of Buddha’s crown, which is the top spire, forming a circle on the Stupa. The hemispherical mound forms a drum shaped base. In addition to this, the head of Buddha forms a square as well as the base of the Stupa. Within the circle of the Mandala, a square is formed that has four T-shaped gate-like entrances leading to the center of the Mandala. This is similar to the four legs of Buddha that form steps of the lower terrace which represent four separate T-shape gate entrances. Each is a circle inscribed in a square. Both the Stupa and Mandala have a Buddha at the center of these creations. Both centers represent the essence, the heart of Buddha.

III. Discuss the Paleolithic period to the Neolithic period. What do the existing art works conve

The Assyrians crafted limestone relief’s which were used to decorate the palace walls of rulers. The Persians used animal motifs that are seen in pottery and bronze sculptures. In the early history, Mesopotamia consisted of city-states, which later led to centrally controlled empires. These civilizations brought about many cultures, religions, and languages. The civilizations of Mesopotamia consisted of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Hittites, Phoenicians, and Persians. The building of these civilizations established trade, which caused intermixing of cultures. Sea trade was slowly improving, yet still used to maintain trade with distant states. Populations began increasing rapidly, within these populations we see different forms of ruling society, and the development of class ranked societies.

The Paleolithic period marked the development of the human species. This era refers to the

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