Muscle cells contain most of the structures common to all cells. ... Polymerization is started when a salt concentration similar that in cells is reached. ... This blueprint is a gene is the cell's nucleus and the process by which the information gets out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where the protein will be made starts with transcription. It occurs in the nucleus when a genes information (encoded in DNA) copied into a molecule called messenger RNA. ... Biologists refer to the entire process of producing a protein from a gene as "expression- of that gene period- (1). ...

• Word Count: 1417
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography

Inside the nucleus of each mammalian cell are pairs of chromosomes that are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). ... Since proteins were known to be so important and are polymers made of 20 different amino acid monomers, they were the prime suspects for carrying genetic information. Structural genes contain instructions for making proteins, which build and operate cells and the body as a whole. DNA polymers contain only 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers. ... DNA molecules are packed into 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. ...

• Word Count: 2575
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

HIV contains a protein that is called "reverse transcriptase" which is crucial for viral replication inside of T-cells. ... The virion contains two copies of the RNA genome and three key enzymes: protease, integrase, and reverse transcriptase. ... These individuals possess a homozygous mutation of the CCR5 gene, which prevents the CCR5 receptor from being presented at the cell surface. ... Next, the DNA copy of the viral genome is readily transported to the nucleus and subsequently integrated into the host cell genomic DNA by the integrase enzyme. Once integration is completed, viral genes ca...

• Word Count: 1861
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

An atom contains a dense inner region called the nucleus. The nucleus contains the atom's protons and neutrons. The outer region of the atom contains the electrons. The outer region occupied by electrons is much larger than the dense nucleus. The electrons are thought to orbit the nucleus within an area, the size and shape of which are related to the electrons' energy. ...

• Word Count: 10700
• Approx Pages: 43
• Grade Level: High School

Osseous tissue contains specialized cells, cell products, and a fluid matrix. ... These canaliculi contain cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes and their extensions provide a route for the diffusion of nutrients and waste products. ... Since these are gene products, they need protein producing machinery to complete their function. ... This polymeric protein is initially secreted in the form of a precursor, which contains peptide extensions . the propeptides are proteolytically removed. ... Compared with osteoblasts, osteocytes are smaller and have fewer numbers of organelles, although the...

• Word Count: 5684
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate