... people consisted of folk songs and dances. Public concerts did not exist. Paying to hear music would have seemed ridiculous to medieval people. Church polyphony was performed only in cathedrals, monasteries, royal chapels, and a few large city churches. Outside of these places polyphony was confined, in most of Europe, to the upper classes. The common people only heard polyphonic music if they worshipped ... that has been used continuously since the beginning of the Middle Ages until now. It consists entirely of vocal melodies without harmony. During the Middle Ages, nonreligious music ...

• Word Count: 684
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... as ecriture (and the coincident re-evaluation of the status of the author in relation to writing) offers the opportunity to analyze the characteristics which condition its production, rather than its idiosyncratic manifestations. Here Foucault is building on and adapting Roland Barthes's seminal work on the "death of the author" in Barthes's essay of the same name. Unfortunately this "death" has not, suggests ... of the English patient. Foucault also compares the modern drive towards the Author-God with the oral, anonymous production of discourses that we would now consider literary-poe...

• Word Count: 6215
• Approx Pages: 25
• Grade Level: High School