... the conspirators who had assassinated Julius Caesar. However, peace was not at hand. Octavian split with his former allies, especially with Mark Antony, who was now Cleopatra's lover. In a climactic naval battle at Actium in 31b.c., Octavian defeated Mark Antony. Antony's death and Octavian's victory effectively ended the Roman Civil war. In the thirty seventh poems in his first book of Odes, the poet Horace ... wrote in response: Nuncest bibendum nuncpede libero pulsanda tellus! Octavian took power, and Horace hailed him as "Caesar," which, for the first time, becomes ... ...

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