... methods used to extract copper from its ore, "some mining companies make use of bacterial leaching solutions to extract copper from low-grade ores and tailing dumps- (Article 2) the copper ions can be removed from bacterial leaching solutions by a process called Ligand Exchange extraction, metals such as Iron, Fe2+ and Fe3+ are left in the solution. "a compound which is a good ligand ... the organic solvent, the equation above is a reversible reaction, it can be reversed by mixing the organic solvent with a small amount of concentrated acid, this will push the copper ions back into the ...

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• Grade Level: High School