The Roman Empire was an undisputed superpower in Western Civilization. The Romans dominated the ancient world for five hundred years. Although the empire was once a powerful kingdom various contributing factors such as, internal decay in political and military issues, economics, sociology, and religion brought about the demise of Rome. The decline and fall of the Roman Empire was a long slow process with one problem leading to another, marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to the beginning of the European Middle Ages. The Roman Empire emerged from the Roman Republic, when Octavian de...

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... , in Sicily, and in Africa so successfully that Sulla allowed him to enter Rome in triumph and receive (81 BC) the title Magnus. He helped drive (77 BC) Lepidus from Italy and went (76 BC) to Spain to fight the remnants of the Marius party led by Sertorius . After this he returned (72 BC) to ... Italy and helped to end the slave revolt of Spartacus . Although he was not legally eligible, he was elected consul in 70 BC; he supported laws restoring the powers of the ... lived most of his life in Rome. The breadth of his education is apparent in his evident familiarity with the ancient Gr...

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... and the blessing of the Church. His belief in the need for education among the Frankish people was to bring about religious, political, and educational reforms that would change the history of Europe. Charlemagne was born in 742 at Aachen, the son of Pepin the Short and grandson of Charles Martel. His grandfather, Charles, had begun the process of unifying Western ... of that year in a short and decisive campaign, the Lombards were defeated. Charlemagne then added "King of the Lombards" to his title, and gave control of the northern part of Italy to the Pope. The creation of the "Papal ...

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... culture. The country has been around for centuries and as result it has gone through numerous changes in rulers, food, and culture. Throughout Italy's long history it has gone through essentially 3 times periods in regards to food and culture; the Ancient times, Imperial Rome, and the New World/ ... Renaissance. The ancient times were important in Italy's culture because that is when the first civilization settled in Italy, this group of people was called the ... fine wines, and even toppings such as honey. The New World/Renaissance time period was very significant in Italy's history and ...

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... Sicily, and surrendered in 241 BC. Before the next outbreak of war between the two states, Rome became involved with the Gauls in northern Italy, and Hamiclar Barca and Carthage had to quell a revolt of their own mercenaries. As mentioned before, Carthage had difficulties with its mercenary ... through Etruria in 137 BC. A few years later a major slave revolt had broken out in Sicily, accompanied by minor uprisings in Rome and Italy. Tiberius' solution was to reconstitute the free peasantry by distributing state owned "public" land in small allotments to poor citizens. His agrarian law ...

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... enemy. In the late 300's Campanian mercenaries which had been hired by the Greeks seized the town of Messana on the straights separating Sicily from Italy. The mercenaries called themselves Mamertines (taken from the Oscan name for Mars the God of War). They used the town as a base for raiding ... and the rest were killed. Regulus was captured. A Roman fleet of reinforcements defeated a Carthaginian fleet and rescued the survivors. On the way back to Italy it was caught in a gale, and 184 of 264 ships were dashed against the rocks near Camarina in southern Sicily. Many tens of thousands...

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... was Domitia Lucilla. His grandfather held his second consulate in 121 and went on to reach a third in 126, a rare distinction in the entire history of the principate. He was the nephew by marriage of Antoninus Pius, who later became emperor. He was noticed as a child by the emperor ... until Antoninus Pius died. The long reign of Antoninus Pius was one of the most peaceful and prosperous in Roman history. Pius did not support military undertakings and never left Italy during his reign. Disturbances to the Pax Romana occurred on the edges of the empire. As a consequence, neither ... Arm...

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... favor. These bribes and cons by political figures soon led to the development of criminal punishment. Which would prove significant later on. For some time Italy as a whole was not doing as well as would have liked in economic perspective. Farm land all across the Italian Peninsula were it such a devitalized ... state, due to the ongoing Hannibalic War. Trade was down from the past. Italy was in dyer need for some reforming. During the year of 133 BCE a well-known reformer took action. Tiberius Sempromius Gracchus came around to try to ... . ( Sallust, p. 24) A man named Gaius Marius, a...

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... whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his ... governorship of three provinces. The provinces were Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , and Illyricum. He left Rome and remained in Gaul until his invasion of Italy. He continued north of the Alps each summer and he would leave his army there in garrison each winter while he came south to con...

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... whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his ... governorship of three provinces. The provinces were Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , and Illyricum. He left Rome and remained in Gaul until his invasion of Italy. He continued north of the Alps each summer and he would leave his army there in garrison each winter while he came south to con...

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... whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his ... governorship of three provinces. The provinces were Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , and Illyricum. He left Rome and remained in Gaul until his invasion of Italy. He continued north of the Alps each summer and he would leave his army there in garrison each winter while he came south to con...

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... whose dictatorship was pivotal in Rome's transition from republic to empire. When he was young Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares, his ... governorship of three provinces. The provinces were Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , and Illyricum. He left Rome and remained in Gaul until his invasion of Italy. He continued north of the Alps each summer and he would leave his army there in garrison each winter while he came south to con...

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... and Remus was killed. Romulus was Rome's first king and after he died, he became a god and vanished. The Romans were tribal people who lived in central Italy and like other Latins; they tilled small plots of land pastured cows, pigs and goats and tended flocks of sheep. Moreover, they had a council of elders who ... mastered by the Romans and gave the enemy little chance to gain spectacular successes like those of the first three campaigns. Slowly the Romans pushed Hannibal out of Italy and forced Carthage to ask for peace. The terms were that "Carthage formally surrendered Spain, and a...

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... had. Brutus, lacking in strategic sense, lost and also took his own life (Mommsen 69-70). After this battle, they all returned to Italy and Mark Antony took command of eastern Rome. Octavian faced many difficult battles including one led by the brother of Antony and one against Sextus ... Pompey. Mark Antony and Octavian's friendship began to diminish (Augustus). Antony formed a friendship with Cleopatra while Octavian began to gather power in Italy. Lepidus was forced to give up politics by Octavian. Octavian became the dominant figure in western Rome after his victory over Sextus and t...

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... the end of the Empire, the reader is allowed to see each event unfold. The Roman Empire was the first "super power" of recorded history. The Etruscans and the Greeks had a tremendous amount of influence on the development of Roman culture. Law in Rome had great concern for humanity ... known about the period of the Kings is largely legend. The period of the Republic begins in 509 B.C. and is the beginning of Roman dominance in Italy and the Mediterranean. During this period we meet some of the most famous Romans: Julius Caesar, Brutus, and Cicero just to name a few. ... Etruscan influe...

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... the Roman Empire through the discussion of its administration and emperors. The Stanford University in Stanford, California published the book in 1984. The history of Rome is quite interesting yet was very disastrous for the people living at the time. The government had drastic uprisings, and, ... to gain the confidence of the Senate and Rome. However, the army that supported Vitellius along with the collaboration of other provinces invaded Italy and defeated Otho, who then committed suicide. Therefore, Vitellius received the previously proclaimed title of emperor. After many successors...

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... in common. 3rd Century A.D. finds the cosmopolitan fading out, Unifying forces fading, and the shared reverence which kept the Empire together was fading. 6. Italy: By 300 A.D. Italy had suffered depopulation and general impoverishment. Rome maintained the prestige of its history but its power had faded out. 7. Rhaetia; Illyricum (North West Balkans): Latin speaking areas. Extension of Rhaetia is Noricum. Flat Plain extension of ... . Commander Imperial bodyguard and Secret Service. h) Secret Service (Agentes in Rebus): Four Chief Officers working in close contact. Interlocked with gover...

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... ideas and great implications. It is because of these that most of the myths are still kept with us today and have been retold repeatedly throughout history. These simply tales dreamt by early man still teach and remind us of proper values as well as entertain. No matter what religion one follows ... gods. They had conquered the world and would leave their mark permanently on the future of mankind. Yet, to a brilliant poet from the North of Italy, the Empire was incomplete. During Publius Virgilius Maro's time the empire had been in shambles after the collapse of the second triumvirate, ci...

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The Rise of Rome Rome is recognized as one of history's greatest empires. The empire dominated most of Europe. However, to become this magnificent empire, Rome needed to go through many wars and changes to become the Roman Empire we all know. In the beginning, Rome took over most of present day Italy by establishing an efficient government and social system. Fueled by ... plain of Lantium to build what would be the center of all Roman activity, a marketplace called the Forum. Along with the Romans, there were also Etruscans and Greeks living in Italy. Thus, Roman culture and government was gr...

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Machiavelli's Discourses Throughout his discourses, Machiavelli gives a political and philosophical interpretation of the first ten books of Livy's History. Using such examples as ancient Athens, Sparta, and Rome he attempts to determine what made certain city-states survive into immense republics, while others ... to be a precondition of liberty at home" (Skinner, 73). Machiavelli's focus on liberty and greatness of empire can be seen throughout his discourses on Rome's history. Rome to him is the ultimate example of the "perfect republic," ever seen prior to his time. He not only discusses ...

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... art, science, technology, and politics. Rome had many schools, and learning and the spread of ideas was valued. There was a point in the history when the Roman Empire stopped expanding. One reason the empire stopped expanding was because it had grown so large that one emperor could not control and ... Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This renewed trade came slowly. One of the first counties to carry on extensive trade with these three areas was Italy. Some reasons as to why Italian merchants traded so much were because they had a large trade-ship fleet, money, and because of a merchant...

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... male had to dedicate two years to serving in it. This is a short time compared to the average that was spent. Later in Rome's history it is noted that the unemployment surged and many men stayed with the force to have an income. Another key to understanding the strength of the ... whose dictatorship was essential in Rome's shift from republic to empire. When he was young, Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history of the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by the vicious Roman army. On each occasion the massacre of political opponents was ...

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... a swine heard (fertilizer), two oxen and four donkeys (two of which were for the mill). The only equipment they used were extra helpers during harvest time. Consequently, Italy remained self-sufficient within the peninsula for wine, fruits, vegetables and meat, yet many farmers also kept chickens and bees (honey was said to have the same use as ... soon imported by sea. Rome had relied on Sicily for grain from 241 BC, and this grain was Rome's source for daily bread; the more populated areas of Italy used slaves in Ostia (but also Rome) to grow grain. Vast numbers of slaves were used fo...

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... Maxentius. Against their will, Constantine crossed the Alps in the spring of 312 with a ¼ of his army (numbering around 40,000) and attacked in northern Italy. After a couple early victories, Constantine approached the city of Turin, Italy in an attempt to penetrate their western defenses. Constantine met a large force of Mexentian cavalry yet emerged victorious. His army continued to win battles and ... the empire. Constantine is considered the founder of the Byzantine Empire and was later known as "New Constantine." The impact of Constantine the Great are seen throughout the history ...

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... who exhibit them, and telling his story with a great emphasis on Republicanism. Second, he clearly projects the events of his own time onto his history simply because that is what he understands best. Furthermore, Ab Urbe Condita is rife with retrojection because Livy's mindset was firmly entrenched in the Roman ... , as well as general themes of the time show up variously in Livy's books (especially 2 and 3), and shape the way Livy presents his history. The recurring topic of Livy's second and third books is the Conflict of Orders. This was the series of political wars between the patri...

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