... individually these scientists are engaged in many separate fields of science (e.g., Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Physics), collectively they're doing just two types or broad categories of research - basic and applied. Basic research expands the knowledge base in a field of science. It may become the basis for a major theory or entire industry ... the exchange function. For example, one specific protein requires lots of ATP because it functions as an active pump. It moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients. Moving any subst...

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• Grade Level: High School

... deteriorate from constant wear and pressure. Finally, the liver filters toxins from the blood less efficiently. These are not all of the changes to the body that are brought about by aging, but these are the major ones. There is hope in modern medicine, though. Through the use of new technologies and drugs some of these changes can be slowed or prevented. SKIN ... body weight 1g/kg body weight Acute and chronic diseases increases protein requirements Carbohydrate 55-60% of total calories/day 55-60% of total calories/day Fat 30% of total calories/day 30% of total calories/day Healthy elder...

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... In the 1960s, scientists at General Electric (GE) discovered that under the right manufacturing conditions, some ceramics, especially aluminium oxide  (alumina), could be made translucent. These translucent materials were transparent enough to be used for containing the electrical  plasma  generated in high-pressure sodium  street lamps. During the past two decades, additional types of ... optics, microchips, and magnetic head. In the marriage of the computer and communications technologies, ceramics play a major role. The chemical inertness of ceramics is finding many uses in the me...

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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , which helps move electrical charges across membranes and maintain a normal acid-base balance in the body. Sodium is found in every cell in the body, as well as in the fluid surrounding the cells. Muscle contraction and nerve transmission require sodium. Also it is necessary for the body to correctly use amino acids. Table salt is the primary source of this mineral. Symptoms of inadequate sodium intake include muscle weakness, poor concentration, memory loss, and dehydration. If there ... intake of this mineral might encourage the growth of cancer. (The Vitamin and Mineral Guide) Iodine...

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... find the number on neutrons in an atom, you must round the atomic mass number to the nearest whole number and then subtract the atomic number. Remember the atomic number is the same as the number of protons in the atom. To find out the number or electrons an atom contains, you just need to know the atomic number because there is the same number of protons as there is electrons in atoms. For example, in sodium, the atomic ... that produce digestive enzymes in the pancreas, and the cells in an eye respond to light. Most multicellular organisms have four main types of tissues: muscle, epit...

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... . Either way, an enzymatic mash is needed to convert the soluble starches to fermentable sugars. Figure 79 - Typical Enzyme Ranges in the Mash Table 11 - Major Enzyme Groups and Functions Enzyme OptimumTemperatureRange Working pH Range Function Phytase 86-126F 5.0-5.5 Lowers the mash pH. No longer used. Debranching (var.) 95-113F 5.0-5.8 Solubilization of starches. Beta Glucanase 95-113F 4.5-5.5 Best gum breaking rest ... as to further release the starches from the endosperm. Fully-modified malts have already made use of these enzymes and do not benefit from more time spent in the protei...

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... being scattered throughout the body like the Malpighian tubules of insects, the excretory tubules of humans, called nephrons, are collected into compact organs, the kidnets The kidneys are the major organs in humans responsible for processing the waste products of metabolism The kidneys, the blood vessels that serve them, and the plumbing that carries fluid formed in the kidneys out of the body compose with urinary system The waste fluid, urine, leaves the kidneys through a duct called the ureter The ureter drains in to a "holding tank ... Cells of the tubule walls reabsorb substances n...

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... of middle-aged adults is the largest ever, physicians are projecting a major increase in the numbers of individuals who will be affected by such age-related changes-and both their function and quality of life will decrease. Even so, except for those in poor health, middle-aged adults will, on the whole, try to carry on in much the same way they did in their younger years. The ... of the prostate gland, a walnut-sized gland at the base of the urethra (the tube that emerges from the bladder and carries urine outside the body via the penis). About 10 percent of men ages 40 already have recog...

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... heated to remove the hydrochloride, thus producing a form of cocaine that can be smoked. The term "crack" refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is heated, presumably from the sodium bicarbonate. On the illicit market, crack, or "rock," is sold in small, inexpensive dosage units. Smoking this form of the drug delivers large quantities of cocaine to the lungs, producing ... and emergency room episodes in major U.S. cities, indicated a steady increase in the number of heroin-related deaths from 1992 through 1998. In this study, the number of incidents where heroin/morphine (...

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... exercise has received a lot of attention over the last decade as the centerpiece of fitness, weight management, and cardio-respiratory health. With improved cardio-respiratory fitness: Heart function more efficiently More blood per beat Resting heart rate slows Blood volume increases Cooling of body improves Improve cellular metabolism Reduce risk of chronic disease Better control of body fat Improve immune function Improve psychological and emotional well ... to weight training. I will focus on major joints and stretch them to the point of mild discomfort, not pain. Below is a detailed s...

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Nutrition Nutrion begins with foods. The study of nutrition involves everything that the body does with food in order to live, like function, and grow. Foods that are eaten regularly make a diet. Although were you live and how you eat play a major part in your dietary habits, food choices vary from person to person. What people eat affects their health and how they live. ... calcium also provides enough phosphorus. Other important minerals are sodium, potassium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, and copper The discovery of vitamins began early in the 20th century. It's likely that some vitamins still ...

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... smoking, high salt intake, obesity, family history of high blood pressure, kidney disease and stress. Smoking is not a major factor in high blood pressure and only raises blood pressure slightly. The nicotine in cigarettes restricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure. This is because the heart has to work harder to pump blood to all parts of the body. When the salt content of blood goes up, it attracts water from ... . There is salt as sodium outside every cell in the body. When the salt content of the fluid around your cells goes up, it attracts water from the blood and swellin...

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... or vitamin to administer to a patient or we may cause permanent damage to them. An example of that would be, say we have a neonatal nurse that is administering sodium chloride solution via IV to a neonate. If the nurse proceeds to give the neonate even .05cc too much then the neonate will probably not survive. We must not be careless with our patient care for we ... , veins, and arteries. We also need it for a healthy flowing digestive tract, to keep our organs from shifting, and to keep our bodies warm in the cold of winter. 3~ Glycolysis: Glucose+2P+2ADP+2NAD+ =* 2 pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH+...

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... derangement of glucose metabolism alone, but also involves metabolism of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and complex derivatives of these major groups" (p. 1). Treatment and control of diabetes ... in the treatment of diabetes (Kozak, 1982). According to Armstrong and Wakat (1985), "the exciting feature of exercise for the diabetic is that it can improve glucose control as well as cardiovascular and respiratory function" (p. 8). Insulin sensitivity is increased during bouts of ... the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (1991), Without insulin, the body cannot metabolize glucose, a...

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... towards the glucose stimulus decreases, contributing to the hyperglycemia. Some of the effects on the body of glucose toxicity include (Center for Disease Control on-line, 2002): • Cause impaired cell function/damage/starvation • >115 mg/dl is threshold for pancreas • >180 mg/dl is threshold for nerve cells • Eventually leads to hypoinsulinemia and other complications • Markers of elevated plasma insulin levels • Increase in serum ... that may result from hyperinsulinemia include stimulation of fat storage, increase in appetite, increase in sodium reabsorption in the kidneys...

• Word Count: 1602
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate