... heir to the throne. At the time, their were three strong claimants: Robert, Earl of Gloucester, Henry's illegitimate son, Stephen, Count of Blois, Henry's nephew, and Henry's only surviving legitimate child, Matilda. By today's standards, the obvious heir would be Matilda, however, in 1135, standards were a bit different. ... the approval of the Pope. This was taken care of when Stephen promised the Pope that he would allow more papal influence in English political affairs. Stephen got the papal approval and was anointed king on December 22, 1135. With that began a period of civil war t...

• Word Count: 4692
• Approx Pages: 19
• Grade Level: High School

... the Portuguese; but with the advent of Columbus's discovery, the Spanish wished to end this legacy of Portuguese favoritism in the Vatican. Papal bulls of the 1450s had declared that the Portuguese had rights to any lands "as far as the Indies,"[4] which actually gave ... far East by western circumnavigation. The fourth bull, the Dudum Siguidem, which was issued later on August 26, 1493, nullified any previous papal orders that had favored the Portuguese. With Spanish control of the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico assured, Spain proceeded to colonize the islands in ... hamlets where they w...

• Word Count: 5323
• Approx Pages: 21

... the war between Charlemagne and the Moslem Moors in Spain in the late eighth century, Charlemagne only lost one battle. That battle just happened to have been led by his nephew, Count Roland. Roland should have summoned for Charlemagne's help earlier, but out of fear of him shaming the French army and being looked at as a coward; Roland hesitated. The poet ... was over the spiritual side. Ultimately, the spirit was the ruler. Between 1050 and 1300, close to fifty percent of the Rome ideal was taken over by the papal authority. More or less, the papal rules were not a success and caused ...

• Word Count: 1508
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: High School

... reason why Henry though that his marriage was a sin. In 1533, Henry's mistress, Anne Boleyn got pregnant and he was determinate to divorce from Catherine. "What Henry wanted was a papal pronouncement that the dispensation of 1509 was in error, that the marriage to Catherine had been invalid from the beginning, and that the king was therefore in an unmarried state ... he chose"ii.That's the driven force and the beginning of the English Reformation. Clement VII, then Pope, was under the power of Charles of Spain. Charles was Catherine's nephew and, therefore the pope had to please Charles...

• Word Count: 1032
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School

... travelled to Acquitaine in order to swear fealty to the English king Henry II. Up to this point, although Henry had been granted the Lordship of Ireland through the disputed Papal Bull "Laudabiliter" by Pope Adrian IV (the only English pope and one who wanted to extend Church control over Ireland) in 1155, he had never shown any great interest in ... clerics and Irish commanders met and formed The Confederacy of Kilkenny who organised a General Assembly for October. The movement was also given its military leader when Owen Roe O'Neill (Hugh's nephew) came from Spain to take command. He ...

• Word Count: 10019
• Approx Pages: 40
• Grade Level: Undergraduate