... and dentures. Smokers also have higher levels of calculus (tartar) formation than non-smokersSaliva In the short term smoking increases the flow rate of the parotid gland. However, the data on long-term effects on salivary flow rates show no difference between smokers and non-smokers. (Parvinen, 1984) The pH of saliva rises during smoking. Over longer time periods ... and in normal saliva, is increased in the saliva of smokers (Sakki & Knuttila, 1996). Dental caries Although smoking is a factor which has often been included in the dental caries process there is insufficient evidence of a...

• Word Count: 2015
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the seeds with the highest dose of rads, 4 million. Of the four team members, not one seed germinated in the 4 million rads cups. (See TEAM Data graph 4, pg.116). Discussion The hypothesis that the seeds exposed to gamma radiation would be less likely to germinate during this experiment was not supported. The actual ... to the fact that all of the radiated seeds did indeed germinate with the exception of the seeds containing 4 million rads. When the correlation coefficient was obtained using the data on table 1 (page 117); the r value came out to -0.756. Using a decision point of 0.878, ...

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• Grade Level: High School

... the outcome of pregnancies. It didn't cause fewer miscarriages, fewer premature babies, or fewer infant deaths. In fact, a later analysis of this same data concluded the DES had caused increases in these negative effects in the birthing process (Colborn et al., 1997). The over all effects of estrogen mimics on animals is a very serious issue. Once to be thought of as a "wonder ... ...

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... are an emotional issue-second only, perhaps, to the bitter abortion debate." For decades the value of animal research has been grossly overrated. Although researchers have depended on animal test data to achieve medical advances, there should be other means of research because testing on animals is cruel, inhumane, and often unnecessary. However, there should be other means of research because ... the whole process of animal research remains cruel and inhumane. Animal rights activists have gathered a large amount of information that has closed down many laboratories that violate anti-cr...

• Word Count: 910
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• Grade Level: High School

... . This is because it is virtually impossible to produce an exact replica of any human disease in an animal. Instead, it must be re-created, thus altering its original, natural data, even if it is only by a marginal degree. Also, researchers freely acknowledge that many experiments conducted on animals contribute nothing to the well being of humans. A perfect example of this ... used, except the chemicals are applied to areas of raw, damaged skin. "Skin is abraded by firmly pressing adhesive tape onto the animal's body and quickly stripping it off. The process is repeated until several la...

• Word Count: 1546
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 's important for America to lead in the research and development of alternative uses for agricultural products." Hemp meets all standards developed for being considered as a source of fuel. Through the process of hydrolysis, a plant's cellulose can be converted to ethanol. Corn is currently being researched as a source of ethanol, but it doesn't come close to producing the eighty percent cellulose of ... against the legalization of marijuana are myths. It is often said that the marijuana grown today is much more potent than that of the past. This is a result of bad data. These claims wer...

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• Grade Level: High School

... are an emotional issue, second only perhaps, to the bitter abortion debate. For decades the value of animal research has been grossly overrated. Although researchers have depended on animal test data to achieve medical advances, there should be other means of research because testing on animals is cruel, inhumane, and often unnecessary. Perhaps it would be more beneficial and humane to ... , better life with much less pain and suffering for humans. For many patients, it has meant life it self. However, there should be other means of research because the whole process of animal research r...

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... moral and social issues that have been fought over in recent years. For decades, the value of animal research has been grossly overrated. Although researchers have depended on animal test data to achieve medical advances, there should be other means of research because testing on animals is cruel and inhumane and often unnecessary. The American Medical Association believes that research involving ... , heart disease, aging and congenital defects. This has meant a longer, healthier, better life with much less pain and suffering. However, there should be other means of research because the...

• Word Count: 460
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate