... of widespread childcare and women's rights. These two issues were the principal political aspirations of Alexandra Kollontai. She believed that a Bolshevik led revolution gave women an opportunity to develop rapid change. Kollontai believed the time had come for women to be treated equally to men. The best ... a good orator and writer. She wrote for both the legal and illegal press, and decided to remain in the background to the more outspoken revolution leaders. She wrote many columns, essays, papers and eventually books advocating her communist ideas in economics, politics and women's...

• Word Count: 831
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

... sought to move beyond the autonomous art object, extending the formal language of abstract art into practical design work. This development was prompted by the Utopian climate following the October Revolution of 1917, which led artists to seek to create a new visual environment, embodying the social needs and values of the new Communist order. The concept of International Constructivism ... of combinations of contemporary materials such as metal, glass, wood and cardboard. Russian artists did not begin to call their work 'constructions' and themselves 'constructivists' until after the Rev...

• Word Count: 3313
• Approx Pages: 13
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Vatican and pledged that the government soon would pass a law guaranteeing freedom of religion for all believers. In his speech in Rome, he stressed: "We need spiritual values; we need a revolution of the mind. No one should interfere in matters of the individual's conscience. Christians, Muslims, Jews, Buddhists, and others live in the Soviet Union; all of them have a right to ... of Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown by popular protest and by the force of arms in December 1989. The fall of the communist parties in Bulgaria and Albania soon followed. The revolution reached the Soviet Uni...

• Word Count: 1341
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: High School

... is able to manipulate the people to keep them loyal to Big Brother, the party leader. For complete subjection of the population, the leading party must use advanced technological and scientific means. In 1984, the Party necessitates the use of telescreens in the homes of all citizens except for the Proles. The telescreen is a tool that the Party uses to "receive ... World War I and the effects. The chaos which followed WWI allowed totalitarian governments to be founded in Russia, Italy, and Germany. In the case of 1984, totalitarianism is established after a revolution occurs. All total...

• Word Count: 1139
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Anglo-American-German alliance should preside over the world in the 20th century. Vulgar anthropology clarified the relative merits of human races on the basis of physiognomy and brain size, a "scientific" approach to world politics motivated by the increasing contact of Europeans with Asians and Africans. Racialist public speaking became common, as when the Kaiser spoke of Asia's increasing population as ... political and moral chains on war that had arisen after 1789-1815 were significantly weakened. The old conservative belief that established governments had a heavy stake in peace f...

• Word Count: 1485
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . It was Peter's Grand Embassy to Europe, a project that would be hard to equal in terms of ambition and scope. Peter aimed to educate himself and his advisors in industrial, scientific, military and cultural ideas and advances in Europe at that time. It was also important to him to create diplomatic ties between Russia and the rest of the continent, which ... bring Russia up to speed with the rest of Europe. His main concern was with Russia's military power. It seemed to Peter that Russia had missed out on the "military revolution" which had changed European warfare so drastically in th...

• Word Count: 1918
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Moscow is known all ower the world because it is capital of the most powerful states on the Earth. It is the political, economic, scientific and cultural heart of Russia. More than 8000000 people live in Moscow. The Kremlin of Moscow is the symbol of the Russian politics because all main oficial organisations are situated ... the capital of the Moscow principality as a centre of the struggle of the Russian lands against the Tatar yoke. Next time St.Pitersburg became the capital. But after the October revolution Moscow became the capital again. The battle of Moscow was one of the most importa...

• Word Count: 333
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: High School

... Russian history. A romantic epoch set in the context of the discovery of the north-east lands, the search for a Northern sea route through the ice of the Arctic ocean, stormy revolution years, World War II, the Siege of Leningrad, and the development of Russian polar aviation - these are the milestones through which the plot is moved. The spectator watches the growth ... Land and were spotted and taken aboard "St. Foka", the ship of the expedition of G.Y. Sedov. The ship log they had kept with them contained the most important of the scientific data, after the study of which Sedov's exp...

• Word Count: 959
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: High School