... of this paper is on high-stakes standardized testing in order to receive teacher certification, either provisional or permanent, and more specifically the implications of these tests on non-native English speakers. We argue that any standardized exam inherently holds cultural and language biases, which adversely affect the success rate of minority students and pre-service teachers. Not ... , etc., the United States recognizes English as the language most commonly used for legal or governmental documentation and the language to be used in public education. However, 15%-20% of American scho...

• Word Count: 3267
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: High School

Colonial Period It has been more that two hundred and twenty five years since the nation was declared independent and almost four hundred years since the first English settlement was founded. Here in this century politicians, activists, the media and normal citizens cry out for a separation of church and state. Although we may see this as the same cry that the first pilgrim that settled here had, it is different. But first one must understand that we as Americans almost did not exist. Knowing that Columbus had discovered a New World, the Spanish did not fully take advantage of the land. Only t...

• Word Count: 1887
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: High School

... Spaniards brought many animals to the New World such as horses, cattle, sheep, goats, burros, and swine. Beef is a big part of the American diet today. The Spaniards also developed the distinctive saddle that is now identified with the West. Wiencek states, "The cattle drive was not invented ... 21) Without his efforts, America could have lost the Revolutionary War. Today his name is best known for a city in Texas called Galveston. Literature also shaped the view Americans had about the Spanish that turned good into bad. The Black Legend is a style of writing or propaganda that ... a lot...

• Word Count: 689
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: High School

Literature Review: During the past decades homosexuality and religion had a very important relationship. Religious groups were the conquerors of all the lands and with them came certain set beliefs. Some Western religions forced their view points onto indigenous people; one of these being homosexuality. Before Western civilization immigrated into the Americas, Native Americans had very a different religious identities that allowed a wider acceptance of ... in the bible. But "Our misunderstanding of sexual orientation as we know it today did not exist 50 years ago, much less in biblical times...

• Word Count: 3449
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: High School