... Americans have been arrested, prosecuted, convicted and imprisoned for drug law offences at rates grossly out of proportion to their numbers among drug offenders. Although drug use and selling cut across all racial, socioeconomic and geographic lines, law enforcement strategies have targeted street-level drug dealers and users from low-income, predominantly minority urban areas. For a variety of reasons, it is ... must take concrete steps to remove race discrimination from the legal system. There is a lack of equal ethnicities among judges. Of the nearly 12,000 full-time state court jud...

• Word Count: 3114
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... 1995), the court placed stricter limits on affirmative-action programs, stating they were unconstitutional unless they fulfilled a 'compelling governmental interest'." ("affirmative action") Currently in the Supreme Court, there are five justices who have never voted for affirmative action based on race: Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Connor, Anthony Kennedy, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas (Tummala). So it appears ... originally having a noble purpose, is not the correct solution to the problem of past discrimination. First of all, affirmative action IS discrimination...

• Word Count: 2072
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , the former Simpson prosecuting attorney accounted his own personal experiences with the Los Angeles Police Department. While driving his Mercedes in Southern California, he estimates that the police stop him five times a year for an assortment of traffic violations. However, he rarely receives any tickets, presumably because the officer eventually realizes that the black man in the Mercedes is an Assistant ... police officers use race as a motivating factor in determining which motorists to pull over, President Bush recently instructed the federal government to begin compiling racial s...

• Word Count: 2100
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... seems to over-play many present-day faults of society, he does appear to be very well written and passionate. In one thoughtful remark he writes, "For one generation - thirty-five years - we have embarked on a multiracial democracy with significant breakthroughs and glaring silences." (665). His distinction of democracy as being "multiracial" appears very un-American since the whole premise of ... 1 percent have wealth equivalent to the bottom 95 percent . . ." (665). Yet he fails to mention that our nation's population is only about twelve percent black, meaning that of that ninety-fiv...

• Word Count: 1557
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... same according to Clark (1947: 187). The psychologist, Jean Phinney (1987:10), further notes that there are "widely discrepant definitions and measures of ethnic identity, which makes generalizations and comparisons across studies difficult and ambiguous". Combining the definitions and interpretations of identity and ethnicity it can be concluded that they mean, or at minimum imply, the sameness of a band or nation ... in terms of a final comparison between The Liberation of Aunt Jamaima and Coronation of Musaa Moolo Casamace, Southern Senegal as well as a short revisitation of the prob...

• Word Count: 3101
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Ku Klux Klan rallies and NAACP protest marches."(Stasio) However, despite this presumed irrelevance in the 21st century, the book is still banned in a number of schools and prisons across the southern United States. There are different reasons stated for the permanent or temporary removal of "A Time to Kill" from the libraries; when asked about the book banning ... first arrested and sent to prison, while the outcome of the trial is by no means clear. In a discussion with Jake, Carl Lee says: "Work there eleven years, miss five days, and they fire me. Guess they think I ain't comin' bac...

• Word Count: 4938
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to resist, with the price of their lives; and either of the two, in today's view, could be too much of a pain to recall. In 1838, the last of the five big tribes involved, Cherokee, was forced to move out. On their way to the Indian territory, nearly 1/5 of the population died from exposure, sickness and starvation. Literally, it was not ... killed. As for the Mexican Americans, they also fell victims to the 19th century U.S. expansionism. At that time, many Americans believed in manifest destiny that American was destined to expand across and occupy all territories that now constitute ...

• Word Count: 1187
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the clergymen's reason for criticizing him, then showing the fallacies in their accusation- a format repeated for each of the clergymen's accusations. King uses ethical appeal when he lists the organizations across the South, which he is representing as the President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He justifies his presence at the demonstration in Birmingham by saying that the Birmingham organization ... are being trapped in a cage implies that the white populace views them as no better than animals. Relating anecdotes of an encounter with his own six-year-old daughter ...

• Word Count: 4137
• Approx Pages: 17
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... York and 71% in California were Black or Latino 90% of all juveniles arrested for possession in Baltimore in 1990 were Black. And these astounding figures pretty much hold true across the country!- (Revolutionary Worker, 3) There are more people put in jail for drug offenses than for any violent crime in America (Johnston). In an effort to calm the public by ... others have finished their sentencing because Whites are sentenced to less time for the same offenses than Blacks. According to Hutchinson the reason the sentence for 5 grams of crack is a five-year minimum, whereas the maximum ...

• Word Count: 1651
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... emerged as dominant theories on race, often times coming with radical thinking. One of the major theorists during this time was Carolus Linnaeus. In 1735, Linnaeus introduced a new theory of five races, with all races differing by appearance and place of origin. This new theory was problematic though because " the Bible clearly represented all humanity as descendants of Adam and Eve ... of power exertion and proving that one people is better than another. Linnaeus's theory set the stage for later theories, most specifically a theory by Johann Blumenbach. Blumenbach, in 1775, created a fiv...

• Word Count: 2593
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... early 1970s SASO began to bring together other black organizations, and in 1972 created the Black People's Convention as the political organization that would promote the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) across South Africa. Eventually SASO was banned by the South African government on October 19, 1977. When on February 2, 1990, the South African government lifted the ban on all organizations that ... annual SASO conference in July 1970, Biko, Pityana, and other leaders promoted SASO not only as a student group but as the vehicle for the rebirth of black pride and activism across the ...

• Word Count: 3701
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... almost a block away. At this moment, Staples realizes that because of the way he dressed, his height, and long hair he appears frightening to people, particularly white people, he came across while walking along the streets. Staples makes the association that statistically, that a majority of rapists and muggers are black and that people avoid coming in contact with him on the ... feel when encountering a black man on the streets. By using more technical speech and citing other author's works, Staples creates a more intellectual tone in his story which gets his point across, and has a f...

• Word Count: 1531
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... been demonized for its militant language and outlawed narrative as a part of American society. But, despite its controversy it has remained a source of encouragement to many as its influence spreads across the globe. Hip-hop's origins are undoubtedly African-American, this being a key reason why its message resonates specifically in black youths, an increasingly ostracized sect of society. Uses of hip ... history of Black power movement talk and its impact on the development of hip hop, located it as a musical form, at best revolutionary and at least rebellious, for young listeners acro...

• Word Count: 1971
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... decisions. The Court prompted discrimination by implying that if blacks wanted legal protection, they would need to seek it from their state, not national, government. This legislation affected black citizen's across the country, but was especially damning to the Southern blacks. The amount of racism thriving in the Southern states made any chances of the State support of Black rights virtually ... , or to enforce social, as distinguished form political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either." (Zinn, 200) The "separate but equal" doctrine spread l...

• Word Count: 1530
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... top." His mother personifies, to Julian, what he thinks he does not want to be. "His eyes were narrowed and through the indignation he had generated, he saw his mother across the aisle, purple-faced, shrunken to the dwarf-like proportions of her moral nature, sitting like a mummy beneath the ridiculous banner of her hat." Julian's hatred for his mother, fixation ... as ride on it" creeps up the back of his neck. The story escalates when Julian is seated next to the black woman wearing a hat identical to his mother's and across the aisle; the black woman's child drew his feet up next to ...

• Word Count: 806
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... thousand dollars per year (Dreazen, 2000, 1). Job representation of blacks and Hispanics in the office is slowly increasing. Unfortunately, for every five to six percent increase in black and Hispanic representation, there is a one salary grade decrease, which is about a five percent decrease in wage. The darker a person's skin is, the harder of time they have in getting a job (Wage Gap: Myths ... ...

• Word Count: 1454
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... our nations police is the consequence of the rising concern about the war on drugs. Drug use and drug selling are not limited to minorities in the US; in fact, five times as many whites use drugs. This war on drugs since it began targeted minorities. According to the governments own reports 80 percent of the country cocaine users are white ... black man that fit the profile of a drug dealer simply because he was black. In Pennsylvania Johnny Gammage was pulled over while driving his cousins Jaguar. As Gammage pulled over five police cars arrived on the scene. One of the officers said th...

• Word Count: 1570
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . New and modern abstract artists seek out old South African art for influence on their own creativity whenever necessary. New South African artists take what they have learned and spread across the world the visuals that have been carried on with the original history of the art form. It is never ending and South African art has furthermore changed and challenged ... ...

• Word Count: 1110
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and living, to a certain extent, in ones traditions to make them truly a part of one's identity. Cash argues that the real history, the real story of quilting is about kinship across generations between African American women as well as mutual cooperation with the aim of being self-reliant and capable of self-help. He claims that by studying their work it ... ...

• Word Count: 1911
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... African-American literatures and connection with white publishers. The Harlem Renaissance centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, and the movement had significant impacts throughout the United States. Across the culture spectrum (literature, drama, music, visual art, dance) and also in the realm of social thought (sociology, historiography, philosophy), artists and intellectuals found a new way to explore the historical ... ...

• Word Count: 1512
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... books we read, the movies we see, in schools, and even in jobs. Tatei Thomas says "Racism, especially in our society is a disease of ignorance spreading rapidly through minds across America based on what we see and idolized. In this prejudiced filled world where people are killed for walking down the street while black, I have come to learn the best ... ...

• Word Count: 594
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a novel such as "A Raisin in the Sun" or "The Souls of Black Folks", you cannot immediately assume that this story represents every single African American family across the United States. Understanding representation is vital to understanding identity, with the Michael Brown trial still fresh on our memories, it is important to remember that the actions and words ... ...

• Word Count: 3543
• Approx Pages: 14
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ;saire became known as one of the founders of the negritude movement. He began to construct an appreciation of African culture values to compensate for European supremacy that quickly swept across African colonies. Césaire, like Fanon, was supportive of the war for Algerian independence. Nonetheless, his ideas held greater variation. Césaire chastised colonialism, and referred to it as a despicable ... ...

• Word Count: 1171
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that James Baldwin's prediction of a dark revolution will ultimately come to pass is a theory I believe shall come to pass. This will, however, only happen when black people, who are present across the globe showcasing increasing numbers, realize their moral and human obligation to be the morality of the world....

• Word Count: 1313
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... hand with increasing poverty. When Barack Obama addressed the NAACP in 2007, he raised the concern that, "more young black men languish in prison than attend universities and colleges across America." Though that statistic is inaccurate, a disproportionate amount of prison inmates are indeed black. An inordinate 40% of the prison population is of black descent, whereas they make up only ... ...

• Word Count: 595
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate