... ) in roots allow direct connection with the litter layer for efficient nutrient absorption. Pollination and seed dispersal are largely by animals, and interactions between plants and animals are very highly developed in this zone. Much pollination is by vertebrates and social bees, which travel long distances between scattered individuals of many plant species. ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS. ... and smaller leaves (antidesiccation adaptation), thorns (antiherbivore adaptation), longer roots (to reach deeper water table), and other features along a gradient toward the well-developed drought adaptati...

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• Approx Pages: 50
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• Grade Level: Undergraduate