Many blacks went to work for their former masters, picking cotton for pitiful wages. ... Among these new laws were the hated Black Codes, basically a legalized reinstitution of slavery. ... Many jobless blacks were picked up for vagrancy and forced to work off their fines by picking cotton once again. Potential black voters were often turned away at the ballot box for not being literate or by not fitting in under the "grandfather clause". Also, many African-Americans were the victims of intimidation by racist, anti-black groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. ...

• Word Count: 899
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Thomson 1317), and, in addition, a black doctor. ... From the beginnings of the "Promised Land", black men were mistreated serving as slaves and, by extension, recognized as a lower race. ... Similarly, Mary Ann Shadd is an African-American woman who had to emigrate to Canada because of the plight of blacks after the Fugitive Slave Law; becoming a Black-Canadian woman. ... Equally important was Mary Ann's nephew, Alfred, who was a black pioneer teacher and "a great doctor.... Whereas Alfred studied medicine, both had participated in politic servicing to the Conservative par...

• Word Count: 716
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate