... clinical antidepres! sants. Endorphins are also involved in glucose regulation. Opioid receptors are functionally designated as mu, delta, kappa, etc. These categories can be further sub-classified by function or structure. Decoding the human genome has allowed the genetic switching-mechanisms that control the expression of each opioid receptor to be determined at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level ... and addictive properties of opioids. Government researchers and pharmaceutical companies are searching for powerful analgesics that won't make the user feel happy too. Mu-r...

• Word Count: 3024
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the interactions of a number of genes, each of which (individually) has only a modest effect. Additional studies are needed to specifically pinpoint which genes are involved, determine their function, and learn how each gene's interactions with other genes and with the environment make an individual susceptible to MS. "In addition to leading to better ways to diagnose MS, such ... experience episodes of inappropriate euphoria and despair-unrelated to the patient's actual emotional state known as "laughing/weeping syndrome." This syndrome is thought to be due to demyelination in the br...

• Word Count: 4268
• Approx Pages: 17
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the interactions of a number of genes, each of which (individually) has only a modest effect. Additional studies are needed to specifically pinpoint which genes are involved, determine their function, and learn how each gene's interactions with other genes and with the environment make an individual susceptible to MS. "In addition to leading to better ways to diagnose MS, such ... experience episodes of inappropriate euphoria and despair--unrelated to the patient's actual emotional state known as "laughing/weeping syndrome." This syndrome is thought to be due to demyelination in the b...

• Word Count: 4423
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... be influenced by the interactions of a number of genes, each of which (individually) has only a modest effect. Additional studies are needed to specifically pinpoint which genes are involved, determine their function, and learn how each gene's interactions with other genes and with the environment make an individual susceptible to MS. In addition to leading to better ways to diagnose MS, such ... experience episodes of inappropriate euphoria and despair--unrelated to the patient's actual emotional state known as "laughing/weeping syndrome." This syndrome is thought to be due to demyelin...

• Word Count: 3706
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... famous visions reported such as Joan of Arc. Neuropathology Epilepsy spurs from the cerebral cortex where the nerve cells disperse an uncontrollable electrical discharge. The cerebral cortex integrates higher mental function, the functions of the internal organs in the abdominal cavity, general movement, behavioral reactions, and perception. The main cause of epilepsy is unknown, but it can be found in 28 ... (ADNFLE) is believed to be caused by an alteration in a receptor called neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR). These receptors can be found in the hippocampus, neocortex, thalam...

• Word Count: 2207
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , but also the emotions. It includes processes such as breathing, feeding, vocalization, and facial expressions that are all related to autism in their own way. The brainstem functions that control social behavior do not function properly and as a result allow behaviors such as hyperactivity and lack of attention. Whether this malfunction is due to a structural defect or functional defect has yet to ... ...

• Word Count: 2235
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the doubt, whether dreams are meaningful and thus worthy of interpretation. It has been proposed that dream images are randomly generated by the burst of random nerve cells in the Brainstem during the REM sleep. It is believed that images are meaningless but dreams represent the higher brain's efforts to make sense of the haphazard signals generated by the lower brain ... . Dreams may have a meaningful reflection of unconscious mind and may serve a problem solving function. Interpreting these dreams would lead to the information about oneself that would be difficult to get otherwise. If ...

• Word Count: 970
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate