... famed Loving, concluding "in commonsense and in a constitutional sense, there is a clear distinction between a marital restriction based merely on race and one based upon the fundamental difference in sex" (Baker v.Nelson [1971]) Therefore, the court refused to consider Baker and McConnell's equal protection claim, "The institution of marriage as a union of man and woman . . . is as old as the book of ... banned from serving in the United States military. In the early 1990's many gay and lesbian activists were trying to appeal the ban on homosexuals in the military (discriminatory) "199...

• Word Count: 2327
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a panel of three judges and the result was a 2-1 victory for the defendants. The two majority judges claimed that they could not ignore the precedent set by Baker vs Nelson in 1972. Baker vs Nelson originated in Minnesota after the state ruled that its law defining marriage to people of the opposite sex was constitutional. The case was later dismissed in the Supreme ... 's refusal to recognize an adoption violated the Right of Interstate travel. Lastly, the Tennessee plaintiffs asked if the court would please throw out the precedent set by the Baker vs Nelson case. After the Supreme Cour...

• Word Count: 1936
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... v. Payne) filed by the three organizations on behalf of women incarcerated at the prison. Under the judgment, prison administrators agreed to develop a comprehensive plan to significantly upgrade delivery of medical, dental, and mental health care services to meet minimal constitutional standards. In December, District Court Judge Robert Bryan rejected claims that mental health and ... dental care remained substandard, thereby terminating federal court oversight of a consent decree controlling medical care at the prison. Attorneys for the inmates argue that the continuing deficient heal...

• Word Count: 457
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... beneficiary will drop to just 2 to 1 compared to 16 for every recipient about forty years ago. In his state of the union address earlier this year President Clinton insisted he had a solution to our social security dilemma. Clinton's proposal would, over the next 15 years allocate 62% of the projected federal budget surplus to save social security. (17:1) How ingenious of Bill ... Clinton he is using the social security surplus in the trust fund--set up to secure payments for future generations--to thus save social security exactly what it is already doing. ... Since about 2.7 trillion...

• Word Count: 7034
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... beneficiary will drop to just 2 to 1 compared to 16 for every recipient about forty years ago. In his state of the union address earlier this year President Clinton insisted he had a solution to our social security dilemma. Clinton's proposal would, over the next 15 years allocate 62% of the projected federal budget surplus to save social security. (17:1) How ingenious of Bill ... Clinton he is using the social security surplus in the trust fund--set up to secure payments for future generations--to thus save social security exactly what it is already doing. ... Since about 2.7 trillion...

• Word Count: 7038
• Approx Pages: 28
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... tax cut," which will not relieve the near record taxes by the American middle class. One example of the targeted tax cut was when Bill Clinton regulates the "tax hike." Until now, the "tax hike of Bill Clinton" is continuously paralyzing the middle-class American families. In order for the democrats to balance the budget, they would have to raise taxes. They ... support the "advancement of women in the military." Democrats are committed to "restructuring our military forces" by decreasing its size and changing its focus. Democrat down sizing, along with Bill Clinton's double-talk and in...

• Word Count: 1035
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the Supreme Court, where the justices served life-long terms. William Marbury, a Federalist, was fighting for his Justice of the Peace appointment made by lame-duck president John Adams (Clinton 285). One of Marshall's options was to rule in favor of Marbury, thus helping the cause of the Federalists in the short run. However, this would have angered the Republicans ... . Marshall realized that the Republicans would be in control for some time, and did not want to be the victim of their fury for years to come (Clinton 285). To solve this dilemma, Marshall viewed the situation in terms...

• Word Count: 1209
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... over controversial issues and never done anything about it to avoid poll loss on issues such as abortion. Equal opportunity and affirmative action have been promoted in this era. Bill Clinton reared the head of presidential scandal once again. Gun control becomes an ongoing issue continually being enforced since the Brady bill. Tensions with Iraq on multiple occasions spawned executive decisions ... as well as the terrorist attack and war on terrorism. The judicial system has some run-ins with high profile case with the Clinton scandal and OJ Simpson case, with these types of cases usua...

• Word Count: 3055
• Approx Pages: 12
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Government would work on a national scale. During all the debate there were numerous conflicts between each party. Some of the key rivals during this period for each side were, George Clinton was a political opponent of John Jay, a federalist, and disliked Alexander Hamilton. In Virginia, Patrick Henry was a political rival of James Madison. Anti-Federalists wrote lots of letters and speeches regarding ... out government and helped lead to the formation of the Constitution our goverment still upholds today. There were also many personal conflicts between the two parties. In New York, Ge...

• Word Count: 748
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia to Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. His father was an enterprising planter and businessman. His mother was his father's second wife. Washington's early education and training focused mainly on ... a Continental Congress, which "coordinated the colonies resistance to British policies." In 1775, because Britain was angry with the colonists and George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland County, Virginia At the age of twenty-one, Washington was looking for glory and also an acknowledged posit...

• Word Count: 1069
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by the board of directors of the State Colony hospital. After the hearing took place, they appealed to the Circuit Court of Amhurst County in the State of Virginia on April 22nd, 1927. The circuit court of the county considered the record of the board and the evidence before it and affirmed the decision of the hospital's board of directors. Carrie Buck ... to her general health, would be good to her welfare and that of society by her sterilization. Therefore, the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court of Amhurst County, Virginia. Rationale: The Supreme Court used the r...

• Word Count: 884
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... students in grade school have been the victims of affirmative action discrimination and exclusion from public schools. "In Silver Spring, Maryland, the parents of a seven year old sued the Montgomery County School Board after their son was barred from transferring to a math and science magnet school because it would reduce the proportion of whites in his old school." Also in Northern ... Virginia's Arlington County, "parents of two white children who lost a lottery for admission to an alternative kindergarten sued because lottery was weighted in favor of minority applicants." "I am all ...

• Word Count: 1573
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... attempt to control student discipline under the appearance of medical procedure." Attempts to pretest athletes raise the issue of whether extracurricular activities are rights or privileges However, In Schail v. Tippecanoe County School Corporation, a federal district court ruled that a drug analysis program for student athletes was justified by the school's "legitimate need to ensure drug-free athletes" (Gittins 1988). In this ruling ... a "property" or "liberty" interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment--especially since the testing program preserved confidentiality, lacked crimi...

• Word Count: 1422
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... redefined by the law. Vermont's legislature passed a law that legally recognizes a "civil union," but it does not include all the benefits of marriage heterosexual couples are afforded. In 1996 President Clinton signed into the law the "Defense of Marriage Act. The act defined marriage as being between two people of the opposite sex, as well as making it legal for one ... ...

• Word Count: 1519
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... states that did exist was cut as well. But despite the appeal of cooperative federalism, there is an on-going appeal to a degree of dual federalism. The failure of President Clinton's national health care initiatives is a perfect example of an area of politics that the people feel is best held more closely, in spite of some of the benefits of a national ... ...

• Word Count: 2255
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... that they need a " call to arms" or else Congress is going to take away women's right to choose. Two partial birth abortion bans were passed by Congress but vetoed by Clinton because it didn't have any exceptions allowing it to be used when women's health comes into questions, but the law makers did their homework this time and included 6 pages on ... ...

• Word Count: 615
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... against the amount of political power given to the national government and feared that the centralized government proposed by the Framers would lead to a new kind of tyranny. As George Clinton stated in his arguments against the destruction of States rights: "From this picture, what can you promise yourself, on the score of consolidation of the United States into one government ... ...

• Word Count: 756
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... NRA, and indicates that the initiation of a tough firearm legislation would cause a drastic drop in the number of murders and accidental deaths involving guns. In the fall of 1999, President Clinton ordered the Department of Housing and Urban Development to provide fifteen million dollars for public housing agencies and local police departments to buy back guns in America's inner cities. A move ... ...

• Word Count: 1347
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... not from constitutional Tenth Amendment grounds, but rather because the states have made millions of dollars selling this information - drivers' addresses and photographs - to commercial database services (Greenhouse, 20). The Clinton administration appealed the ruling by the federal appeals court in Richmond, which held that by directly regulating a state activity, the law violated the 10th Amendment. Throughout the case, many people ... ...

• Word Count: 5600
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... may view as "indecent." Congress has attempted to censor this information in the past, most notably with the Communications Decency Act, a controversial piece of legislation signed into law by President Clinton on February 8, 1996 (Esposito). There were many advocates to passing this law that claimed that there is much information on the Internet that is immoral and indecent, and that this ... ...

• Word Count: 1019
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... legal succession of a deceased spouse's property, monies and pension. Should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? "Eight years ago, Congress passed, and President Clinton signed, the Defense of Marriage Act, which defined marriage for purposes of federal law as the legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife." These opening ... ...

• Word Count: 1218
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... have seen in recent times that due process was used not only for regular citizens like you and I but at the highest level of the executive branch with President Bill Clinton's impeachment hearings. So due process applies to not only regular people but the most powerful of people. Turning now to the readings, in the American Vigilante tradition, the class structure ... ...

• Word Count: 1045
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... public schools." Congress did not explain in the law what Constitutional provision it believes gave it the power to pass the law. In its defense before the Supreme Court, the Clinton Justice Department cited the commerce clause as justification for the law. It argued that violent crime in or near schools harms the quality of education, causing graduates to be unprepared ... ...

• Word Count: 1219
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... government of 1997, they elect party like this with an enormous majority so that they can implement. Their policies, this is the opposite to the what happened in America when Clinton was elected because he had such a small majority he was unable to actually make any of his policy's executed. The key to these one party dictatorships is that the electorate ... ...

• Word Count: 1586
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Presidents Nixon and Reagan attempted to return more discretion to the states. Grants-in-aid began to grow more slowly toward the end of the Bush administration and even President Clinton had adopted the new federalism of Nixon and Reagan. The national government has preferred, recently, to leave a great deal of discretion to the states in the implementation of national policies ... ...

• Word Count: 1445
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate