... 1,500 members, and these gangs attributed to "representing less than half a percentage point of the city's population are associated with 75 percent of all of Cincinnati's killings". Findings David Kennedy, in his attempt to reduce homicide rates, created his program of "Operation Ceasefire". In this program, Kennedy held interactive social meetings between gang members, and the members ... certain areas, you lose those areas in the form of trust from the community. He believes it mainly leads to a toxic environment, instead of a healthy safe one. Conclusion/Policy Implications David Ke...

• Word Count: 1069
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , the closest execution has ever come to being illegal was back in 1972, when the Supreme Court, in its 5-4 decision Furman vs. Georgia, struck down the capital punishment statutes of 39 states. Even then, although the court ruled that the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, it emphasized that it was only illegal in the ... -Radelet Study" 41, 1 Stanford Law Review, 11/88). The remaining 11 cases represent 0.14% of the 7,800 executions, which have taken place since 1900. And, there is, in fact, no proof that those 11 executed were inn...

• Word Count: 2839
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... future research and policy decisions. In a report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), evidence is presented that clearly shows problem-solving courts produce their intended outcomes. This report looked at 39 adult drug court programs and evaluated their effectiveness based on four categories: "(1) recidivism outcomes, (2) substance use relapse, (3) program completion, and (4) the costs and benefits of drug court programs " (GAO 2005 ... analysis) " (GAO 2005). These results mean that the problem-solving courts have the potential to produce net cost reductions on the system be...

• Word Count: 4011
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... extrapolated to indict the entire nation's prosecutors, other figures do indicate vast disparity. In McCleskey v. Kemp, the defendant introduced a comprehensive, multiple regression analysis of the death penalty, done by Professor David Baldus. The study controlled for 230 independent variables, and indicated that race is by far the most important factor in whether a defendant receives the death penalty. It also found that ... be proved through demonstration of intent, and not just results. This disparity is reflected in the number of Black death row inmates. The NAACP Legal Defense fun...

• Word Count: 3584
• Approx Pages: 14
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... or contributing factor in the commission of their crime. • Have no history of violent behavior in the community. • Have sentences 4 to 10 years in length. In a recent interview, David Oldfield, Director of Planning and Research, provided a list of violent offenses: • 1st-degree Arson • 1st- and 2nd-degree Murder • 1st-degree robbery • Kidnapping • 1st-degree ... the Houston Chronicle, overall recidivism rates for the following states are: • California-58.8 percent • New York-51.8 percent • Texas-40.8 percent • Illinois-40.1 percent • Florida-39.5 percent (Kimberl...

• Word Count: 2049
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... has a disproportionate number of executions. For example, between 1924 and 1972 the United States witnessed 455 executions in the United States for rape and 99 occurred in Texas alone (Marquart 39). Texas accounted for 22 percent of rape-related executions in the United States but only consisted of 7.3 percent of the nation's total population (Texas 4). Therefore, Texas executes a proportionately higher percentage ... , as the legal process of a capital case costs the taxpayer $2.3 million, while the cost to hold a prisoner for 40 years in a maximum-security prison is only $832,220 accor...

• Word Count: 4933
• Approx Pages: 20
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , does not subsequently warrant its implementation in today's society. The death penalty is morally and socially unethical, and should be construed as cruel and unusual punishment since it has no proof of acting as a deterrent, and risks the atrocious and unacceptable injustice of executing innocent people. As long as capital punishment exists in our society it will continue to spark the ... might be executed." Koch, in an attempt to gain political support, acted quite unethically by quoting Bedau out of context and implying that such cases have not occurred. According to David Bruck, a ...

• Word Count: 2009
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... its implementation in today's society. The death penalty is morally and socially unethical, should be construed as cruel and unusual punishment since it is both discriminatory and arbitrary, has no proof of acting as a deterrent, and risks the atrocious and unacceptable injustice of executing innocent people. As long as capital punishment exists in our society it will continue to spark the ... might be executed." Koch, in an attempt to gain political support, acted quite unethically by quoting Bedau out of context and implying that such cases! have not occurred. According to David Bruck...

• Word Count: 2068
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . His research did find some links between aggressive behaviour and disturbances in the level of a chemical called Serotoin, which is directly related to certain genes. Although there was no conclusive proof that this abnormal gene was completely responsible for an increase in violence. Sociologists tend to dismiss biological theories of deviance, arguing that any association between physical characteristics and deviant behaviour ... on society that branded it a failure, and provide its members with status and success. One of the best sociological theories of attempting to explain youth ...

• Word Count: 2347
• Approx Pages: 9
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a defendant from the full extent of his/her punishment. Although, I find that this defense has been and can be misused, it is rarely the case, especially since the burden of proof of insanity falls on the defendant. The above quote was included in this paper to show both sides of the argument concerning the insanity defense. The following is a quote for ... the side of this defense. In regards to the David Hinckley attempt on President Reagan's life, Judge Barrington D. Parker wrote: The American public was stunned when on the fateful afternoon of March 30, 1981, they learned through in...

• Word Count: 1163
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in the community and that this helps them acquire self-discipline and self-reliance that they lose by being in prison (Vass 1979, p.39). Community corrections were deemed a cheaper and more safe, secure and humane (http://www.pc.gov.au/gsp/2003/chapter07.pdf) alternative to ... with their families, and to sustain a job with the hope of helping them to grow out of crime into responsible citizens (Vass 1990, p.39; Tomasic and Dobinson 1979 p.61). In short, prisons are undesirable and should be reserved for only the most serious offenders. Community is desirable ... so should be used as a ...

• Word Count: 2402
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... law in Connecticut is those in a community wanting to cease development or operation of a facility must offer substantial reason for doing so by presenting evidence of an actual problem or proof that the facility will follow an already existing pattern of problems. In the leading case, Nicholson v. Connecticut Half-Way House., 147 Conn.507, 208 A.2d 383 (1966), a community's assumptions or ... tangible evidence to support their claims against the halfway house as required by the law. The law says those seeking to prevent a facility from operating in a neighborhood must produce undeniabl...

• Word Count: 860
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... A PROBLEM DOWN HERE." That is what headquarters heard on November 7th, 1983 as the Bloomington, Illinois police officers began arriving on the scene of 313 Carl Drive, the home of David Hendricks, his wife Susan, and their three children Rebekah, Grace and Benjamin. The home turns out to be a horrific crime scene where the entire family is brutally murdered except for ... David Hendricks who was away on a business trip or was he? Medical facts played a huge role in the trial. A psychologist was hired to help chose the jury. One of the largest ... to be an outstanding member of the com...

• Word Count: 285
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... capital crime cases within Georgia in the McClesky case showed that "the average odds of receiving a death sentence among all indicted cases were 4.3 times higher in cases with white victims." (David C. Baldus et al. 401). The racial aspects involved in the sentencing of death penalty defendants ensures that in our current social landscape, a fair and unbiased trial cannot occur. Also, the ... nothing about the murder for which he was tried for and had appealed for a chance to prove this to a polygraph expert in the days before his scheduled execution, Law professor David Bruck states "...

• Word Count: 1193
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... electronic monitoring is being utilized and because part of that offender's release hinged on staying at least 150 yards from all schools that house school aged children, there is undeniable proof that he has violated the conditions of his release and can immediately be picked up by law enforcement. The ankle bracelet system has indeed changed the way that sex offenders ... contacts. Social media has become another common way for probation and parole officers to keep track of offenders. It has been used not only to apprehend fugitives and to provide proof of violations by an offender, b...

• Word Count: 894
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Do we really want to make the same mistake with juveniles? According to studies conducted by author Roger Hood, "Research has failed to provide scientific proof that executions have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment and such proof is unlikely to be forthcoming." He further states, " [that] the threat of execution at some future date is unlikely to enter the minds of ... ...

• Word Count: 1027
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... interest in preventing murder, it should use the strongest punishment available to deter murder. Those who believe that capital punishment is a deterrent to future murders are ignoring the burden of proof. This practice needs to be proven effective beyond a reasonable doubt in order to justify the execution of certain offenders. The death penalty is not a deterrent because most people who commit ... do not carefully weigh the differences between life in prison or possible execution. Frequently, murders are committed by substance abusers in moments of passion or anger. There is no conclu...

• Word Count: 819
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and experimentation for the explanation of criminal behavior. The Positive Schools primary focus was on the prevention of crime and the reformation of offenders, the demand for facts and scientific proof and that there are mind and body differences between people and that the punishment should fit the individual criminal, not the individual crime. He believed that the justice system should ... criminal". Hooten felt that Goring was " frankly and violently prejudiced against Lombroso and all of his theories," and in 1927 began a massive project which he intended to be the final proof tha...

• Word Count: 1589
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... implement programs of social and moral improvements through breeding. As with all research this scientists receive criticism from others that did not believe in his theories and they require additional proof about the studies. In the case of Lombroso most of his ideas were universally accepted. During the same time Lombroso was working on his atavistic theory, psychology and psychiatry were ... inner workings on the criminal mind and the causes. There were common defining features of the positivist school of criminology that were defined. There was a demand for facts and scientific proo...

• Word Count: 2697
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... in most states of the USA. There, paradoxically, it was dealt with in many popular movies against it, like Dead man walking, The Green Mile or last The Life of David Gale. Death penalty has been carried out ever since in human history: Starting in the Stone Age, it developed terrible ways which got typical for the Middle Ages - remember torture ... has the right to live - and so to die when his or her time has come. For the other side the danger of judicial errors, like in The life of David Gale, and the condemnation of an innocent person is too high. How to make up an innocent dead per...

• Word Count: 705
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a person is extremely ill and feels atrocious pain without being able to medically relieve it, this person should be allowed to receive euthanasia if its what they wanted. Bertrand Nadeau, a 39-year-old man is diagnosed with l'Ataxie, a degenerative illness that attacks the neuromuscular system. Life expectancy for people diagnosed with this illness reaches a maximum of 54 years old. For maximum ... ...

• Word Count: 1255
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... someone to house arrest rather than a prison sentence. The average cost to taxpayers to support an inmate is $65.29 per day; the daily cost for house arrest is a mere $9.39. Plus those sentenced to house arrest are forced to pay fees to help compensate for the costs of maintaining their house arrest. With about sixty-one percent of current inmates ... ...

• Word Count: 710
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and Dufour 1998) Yet, females are not non-existent in the criminal justice system because the number of women in State prisons grew 75% from 1986 to 1991, reaching almost 39,000 by mid 1991. At that time female offenders had risen from 4.7 % in 1986 to 5.2 % of prisoners in 1991 (Snell, 1994). Thus the knowledge that gender differences in crime should ... ...

• Word Count: 1540
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... we will look at the different places and scenarios where juveniles get their guns. The firearm was stolen by the user or later confirmed as stolen by someone else in 39 percent of the cases. The firearm was obtained from a friend or relative in 42 percent of the cases. Juveniles often receive firearms from their friends, usually at their school or ... ...

• Word Count: 1363
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... balance in society will remain upset until the killer's life is also taken. They suggest that they are showing outrage for taking a life by taking the life of another (Jacoby 39). Opponents, however, argue that modern supporters of capital punishment no longer view the death penalty as a deterrent, but just as a punishment for the crime. The motives behind the death penalty ... ...

• Word Count: 1759
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate