... the universe if cause, then the cause of the universe must be a personal being who freely chooses to create the world" The forerunner, Gottfried Leibniz, of the principal of sufficient reasoning felt the whole cosmological argument hinged on the question "why is there something rather than nothing?" Leibniz argued that science and experience teach that everything has an explanation therefore it ... points are logical; there must be a beginning if actual infinities are rejected and that this beginning must be outside the universe. The rejection of actual infinities is based upon the reas...

• Word Count: 1502
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... our disposal on the basis that one path would be more beneficial to us than another however Baruch Spinoza argues that all of these "choices" are illusory. To begin this line of thought, Spinoza claims that because God and nature cannot be divided, nothing is outside of nature. God, he says, has infinite attributes-or ways of being- that he has ... to that of a mathematical equation. Freedom, according to Spinoza, is the acceptance and recognition of this necessity-meaning god or nature- which is the basis for Spinoza's reasoning here. What this mode of reasoning leads us to ask is how ...

• Word Count: 1079
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate