... the first step in the emergence of life. Stuart Kauffman finds common patterns in the integrated behavior of systems that appear very different, such as molecules, cells, neural networks, ecosystems, and technological and economic systems. In each case feedback mechanisms and nonlinear interactions make cooperative activity possible in larger wholes. The systems show similar emergent systemic ... atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, organ, organism, and ecosystem. Other hierarchies are identified functionally: the reproductive hierarchy (gene, genome, organism and population...

• Word Count: 7861
• Approx Pages: 31
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate