... industries as vertical support and horizontal support. Vertical support refers to the presence of internationally competitive supplier industries ensuring both cost-effective and speedy delivery of components. On the other hand, Horizontal support refers to related industries and institutions with whom research and other activities are shared (such as universities). When local supporting industries are ... what clusters really are, and in what way they differ from related phenomenon, such as industrial districts, technopoles, networks, and industry-research collaborations." Held (1996, p...

• Word Count: 4507
• Approx Pages: 18
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... over the past decade has risen sharply, as the following figures show: Value *Year ---R billion *1983 ---16 243 719 *1988 ---33 755 895 *1984 ---19 058 145 *1989 ---37 486 737 *1985 ---25 879 840 *1990 ---38 050 687 *1986 ---29 475 267 *1991 ---43 386 ... steel, is marketed world-wide. Another major project under way is the expansion of the Alusaf aluminium smelting facilities at Richards Bay on the Natal coast. The R6,5 billion project will give South Africa the largest aluminium smelting plant in the world. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Manufac...

• Word Count: 6046
• Approx Pages: 24
• Grade Level: Undergraduate