... of "Res publica-, says that it consists in paying debts. Rather soon, this definition is left aside as inappropriate, however certain part of it is referred to at the end. One should express several considerations concerning Plato's definition. Firstly, it does not allow an opportunity for inequality in power, and privileges without justice. The guards should possess all the power as soon ... science of administration, and if there were more confidence that the people would follow its guidelines, there would be much in favour of Plato's system. In his book, Bertrand Russell makes the fo...

• Word Count: 2447
• Approx Pages: 10
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... if an art is directed by an objective standard, are the standards of morality directed objectively as well? When first unveiling Plato's assumption that there are objective standards in morality, we must relate to human life according to what we have come to be familiar with. Humans are driven and act on the desires that they possess, but there is no absolute way of ... reaction cultivated in us. When making any judgements on a decision, we must first consider the comparable worth. Similarly, Plato agrees that we must use self-control to make choices about which "appetites to satisfy an...

• Word Count: 2063
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... attack of amass proportions was carried out on the United States. In the aftermath, the greatest search for criminals ever conducted in America continues to this day. Many people are now speculating the reasoning behind these felons, and one should ask, "Do the culprits who committed these heinous ... greatest minds in ancient Greek philosophy, asked this very same question. In a conversation with Polus in Plato's Gorgias he outlines in full his argument that attempts to show that it is better to suffer wrong than to do wrong. In outlining the specific steps throughout this argument I wi...

• Word Count: 841
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and shall be the first one the group explores. The city as a whole is obviously resourceful (it exists and thrives on the land) and to be considered resourceful, one must have knowledge of its resources. However, Socrates reminds Glaucon that just because a carpenter has a knowledge of carpentry it ... the next virtue, is observed mostly in women, slaves, and children (the majority of people in the community). Socrates defines self discipline as the ability to master one's own desires and pleasures. "Self mastery," as Socrates calls it occurs when the good part (usually the smallest port...

• Word Count: 728
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... experiences the higher pleasures of literature and feels as if she no longer belongs in a pub experiencing lower pleasures. It is therefore possible to verify which pleasures actually do rate higher than others by the experience of those who have known both. Mill's version is deals more adequately ... that morality is not taken seriously enough. Mill has acknowledged the complexity of the concepts of "happiness" and "pleasure". This system appealed to the reforming element of society who pushed for education reforms so that more could experience higher pleasures and have a better qualit...

• Word Count: 1095
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the law of Athens in "Crito." However at the same time, various points in Thoreau's argument do in fact coincide with Socrates" argument for obedience. Throughout "Apology," Socrates continued to bring up the issue of majority rule and the problems associated with the idea of an ideal democracy. In his opinion, just because there was a majority consensus on certain issues ... the wrongs of society whenever possible however "you must either persuade it or obey its orders, and endure in silence whatever it instructs you to endure" (Socrates 51). Ultimately Thoreau would consider Socrates"...

• Word Count: 557
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as the sole means of fulfilling social responsibilities' has been countered by Freeman's stakeholder approach. This new rationale advocates that all stakeholders have equal stake that decision makers have to consider. Freeman's stakeholder approach argues that the classical Friedmanite view violates Kant's categorical imperative (Freeman 247). However Freeman's proposed solution is also inadequate. This theory creates ... Society: SST describes society as an enduring and cooperative group, which has both common needs and individual wants, whose activities are organized by a system of in...

• Word Count: 1170
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with Tech Rage," by Chris Wood, reviews the difficulty employees have in coping with technology in today's workplace. Wood reveals that constant upgrades in technology, from new programs and gadgets to complicated voicemail systems, "create new demands on time and attention," which ultimately turns into increased stress levels (2001, March 19). Stress is tension created by difficult demands. Constructive and ... behavior and even illness" (Shermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2002). Constructive stress is what we feel when we are being creative, for example, or when we are playing a game we wan...

• Word Count: 1060
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and personal autonomy. "An autonomous individual is one who can make rational and unrestrained decisions An agent is autonomous when they can freely choose from the range of possibilities presented to them." (BG 4). As the recent conflict unfolds in Afghanistan, our society has been confronted daily with images of silent women in burkhas, homemade and hidden satellite dishes, and ... of choice can only co-exist with personal responsibility. However, advertising does more than inform. It also entertains. Some television commercials have become classics, spawning catchphrases that are of...

• Word Count: 1773
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... consequentialist ethical principles, whereby actions are morally judged in terms of their consequences or outcomes. Beauchamp (2001:104) explains, 'Consequentialism asserts that actions are right or wrong according to their consequences, rather than because of any intrinsic features they may have, such as truthfulness or fidelity'. Furthermore, 'What makes an action morally right or wrong is the total ... the offender. Although Bentham is recognised as one of the earliest writers associated with utilitarianism, the work of John Stuart Mill is generally regarded with greater significance. ...

• Word Count: 1810
• Approx Pages: 7
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... benefit or harm different stakeholders They should then choose the course of action that provides the most benefits, or conversely, the one that does the least harm, to stakeholders. According to the utilitarian view, the decision that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people is best. In this case, that means outsourcing the jobs. ... control. This is frequently found as a feature of a "delicate" HRM approach (Rose 2000) and normally includes upwards and downwards communications streams: Downward communication streams (top administration down to line staff) may inc...

• Word Count: 5693
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... ethics based on universal rational principles carries with it the violence of coercion. Christians are a community of believers formed around a crucified savior without any appeal to universal rational principles to coerce others to adopt their point of view. The task of Christian ethics in a postmodern world is thus mainly a witness that shines like a beacon into the chaotic darkness ... critique in which he portrays postmodernity as a dangerous subterfuge which cloaks and protects a powerful, global, late capitalism (1989; see also Jameson 1991). Mark L. Taylor (1990: 39-45) comments ...

• Word Count: 5543
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... those who are consciously thinking about return payment, this is not always true. There is no absolute guarantee that the institution would pay back. In that case, it is hard to comprehend why people should bother with the moral codes if their self-interests are not satisfied. Secondly, he points out the existence of altruism. From a purely secular view, people may ... whole society or even the race. Risking the lives of some small portion of the population can ensure the continuation of the whole society. Nevertheless, this seems rather illogical since to those individuals, their losse...

• Word Count: 618
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... fundamentally sound. Hume's positioning on suicide is reflective of Epicurean and Platonic philosophies, because of its emphasis on living a good life, rather than a long, unpleasant one. The main fundamentals of Plato and Epicurus's philosophies rely on maximizing pleasure and reducing any evil in one's life. David Hume's innovative essay entitled 'Of Suicide' generated discussions of how one's life could sustain ... taking medicine is not impious, either is committing suicide for a valid reason. According to Socrates "the gods are our keepers, and we men are one of their possessi...

• Word Count: 1032
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... values " applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is "to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct". Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no "agreed principles for moral conduct" thus the term ethical cannot ... a monotheistic society with the hierarchical constitution of the gods. This change originated in the 5th century BC when Plato proposed a system of deities ...

• Word Count: 1739
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... values " applicable through actions perpetrated by humans. However, absolute standards are unobtainable and conditional upon the society and time in which they are conceived. Another definition suggests that to be ethical is "to conform to accepted standards consistent with the agreed principles of correct moral conduct". Conversely, until Aristotle, there were no "agreed principles for moral conduct" thus the term ethical cannot ... a monotheistic society with the hierarchical constitution of the gods. This change originated in the 5th century BC when Plato proposed a system of deities ...

• Word Count: 1739
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... possess Merit, Valor, and have beneficial qualities. One must know and act upon what is good, what is right. Plato expresses in the "Republic- that a person and later a state must aim to achieve the four principal virtues. The four virtues consist of, courage, temperance, wisdom and justice. For Socrates a virtue ... the opposite. He states that if the circumstance arises when injustice can go undetected it is more profitable and rewarding to choose to appear to be just and have a reputation for justice than to be just. The later will bring honors and reputation as well as reaping the b...

• Word Count: 1667
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... The ethical area is expected of businesses by society to do what is right and fair and to be an ethical leader for other corporations. (Carroll p.39) Philanthropic responsibility is desired by society for businesses to reach out to the community by providing contributions and offering programs to provide for betterment of the neighborhood. (Carroll p.39) If all four of these areas are accounted ... for in a firm, then that organization has total corporate social responsibility. One may question the need for corporations to have such an impact on their community ... these firms is Chiquit...

• Word Count: 1594
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... run, a company that is conducting business in an ethical way will enjoy greater prosperity. Enron According to Florida Pace Action Report (February 9, 2002), Enron's most recent troubles can be traced to revelations in October 2001, when the company's bad accounting practices emerged. Massive amounts of unreported debt and losses incurred in non-energy and overseas energy partnerships established between Enron and other companies ... . Anderson was charged with destruction of tons of paper and thousands of computer files in an attempt to hide financial losses incurred by Enron. By the en...

• Word Count: 458
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... purpose entries (SPE's) the money borrowed from banks did not show up on Enron's books because of the partnership status as separate entities. Enron's management transferred assets (and any related debt) to the special purpose entities at an appraised value above the net cost of the assets, recording a gain on the transfer. Such transactions would have an effect on increasing Enron's net ... assets the transaction involves no cash receipts the only way it increases cash flow is by Moving debt off the balance sheet and increasing equity, thus improving the company's ability to borrow mor...

• Word Count: 1893
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... developed, he can tend the whole realm within the Four Seas, but if he fails to develop them, he will not be able to even serve his parents" (Mencius 38-39). As the primary successor of Confucius, Mencius is renowned for his exploration into the nature ... of human beings and the assertion that all men are intrinsically good. Mencius' theory on the goodness of human nature is based on the idea that the fundamental virtues of benevolence, dutifulness, respect for rites, and wisdom are innate qualities that are to ... the principles on which his belief is found, but also the definition of...

• Word Count: 1787
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... new acting CEO of Enron Stephen Cooper claims that the figure could rise to up to $50 billion.[Mario's ref] On top of that, the Department of Justice and Securities Exchange Commission are investigating Enron for possible securities fraud after the company, completely unable to recover from its debt, filed for the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history this past December.[Mario's ref ... ] And since the company allegedly used thousands of questionable partnerships to hide its $1 billion in debt and inflate profits, it only seems reasonable that litigation and bankruptcy are soon ... to foll...

• Word Count: 2116
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... is required by the basic moral principles or standards accepted by that person's culture. Anthropologist Ruth Benedict uses the examples of homosexuality and murder, which are considered to many cultures as morally wrong. Benedict claims that in ancient Greece, as indicated by Plato's Republic, homosexuality was mostly approved and accepted. Homosexuality was "presented as one of the major means ... to good life. " (80) This clearly shows what it's believed to be immoral to one culture may be considered as moral and acceptable to another culture. Benedict also states in the culture of t...

• Word Count: 962
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... such as Aristotle and David Hume. So long as ethical theories were necessarily either consequentialist or deontological, there was of course little choice. But as moral philosophers have come to recognize virtue ethics as a distinct type of ethical theory, a less distorting taxonomy of ethical theories is now possible. Virtue ethic theories have features in common with consequentialist and ... deontological theories, but are distinct from either. Like consequentialist theories, a virtue ethic may be said to define right in terms of good, i.e., the good of human flourishing. But unlike c...

• Word Count: 6519
• Approx Pages: 26
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as unethical conduct at a university and how the principles and the ethical theories are being applied in this circumstance. Why do lecturers sexually harass students? There are several reasons to why lecturers sexually harass students at university institutions and some of them include the following: 1. Sexual Relationships Between Lecturers and Students Some lecturers solicit sexual favors from some female students ... considered ethically correct. Within this tradition we may refer to Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative theory which says that our primary duty is to act only in thos...

• Word Count: 1332
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate