... hermits established monastic communities in central and northern Italy. These remained independent of each other until 1244, when Pope Innocent IV consolidated them as one order; in 1256 Pope Alexander summoned them from their seclusion to take up an active life in the world. The result was one of ... the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, Albert of Vercelli, was severe, prescribing poverty, abstinence from meat, and solitude. It was approved in 1226 by Pope Honorius III. After the Crusades, the Englishman St Simon Stock reorganized the Carmelites as mendicant friars. Under him, a change of ...

• Word Count: 2701
• Approx Pages: 11
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... now willing to supply the necessary military aid to stop a fascist regime being established in Spain. Stalin encouraged the Comintern to organise the formation of International Brigades. He also sent Alexander Orlov of the NKVD to advise the Popular Front government. Orlov supervised a large-scale guerrilla operation behind Nationalist lines. He later claimed that around 14,000 people had been trained ... could not afford a rigid political stance, and its flexibility was part of its strength. Some elements in the party, however, favoured a Christian social democracy, and they took the d...

• Word Count: 3763
• Approx Pages: 15
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate