... " dollars are spent each year on civil actions against police officers. From 1989 to 1992 taxpayers paid out at least $134 million dollars in settlements to citizens alleging police brutality, not including other types of police malpractice (Lersch and Feagin). Some metropolitan governments are "paying staggering millions of dollars in verdicts and settlements to individuals each year," and "these extremely high payments suggest ... respect." And whites who "do complain of police brutality are usually poor." The states that have high incidence of police misconduct cases, but did not have...

• Word Count: 5510
• Approx Pages: 22
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the system. Affirmative action policies are means for reverse discrimination against the non-minority population and should be repealed by the United States government. The phrase "affirmative action" was first used in a racial discrimination context in Executive Order No. 10,925 issued by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 (Brown). This executive order indicated that federal contractors should take affirmative action to ... for females, 77% say they have never suffered from discrimination in terms of salaries on their present jobs; 73% have never suffered so in other places of employment...

• Word Count: 2731
• Approx Pages: 11
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Works Community is a network of 250 secular and religious organizations advocating alternatives for women sentenced for non-violent crimes. Justice Works was founded in 1992 by criminal justice experts, ex-prisoners and religious leaders in response to the tripling female U.S. prison population in one decade. "Justice Works wants to redirect prison construction and law enforcement toward a more effective and less expensive alternative to jail and ... prison for non-violent crimes" (Wirpsa, 1998). According to Wirpsa (1998), in New York 60 percent of women incarcerated violated drug laws...

• Word Count: 1373
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... releases from the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly the Immigration and Naturalization Service) there are an estimated 2,209,000 undocumented immigrants living in California. This number reflects an increase of almost 40 percent since 1992 estimates. With the current fiscal crisis the state is experiencing, one might expect to see a renewal of the backlash against educating children of ... immigrants who are in the U.S. illegally. Instead, lawmakers have finally recognized that children who for many years have been educated in the State's public school system shoul...

• Word Count: 1204
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... indeterminate life sentence (Wilson,2000). High Risk offenders have to be monitored very closely while they are in prison (Grosshandler,1990). While most correctional systems have implemented objective classification systems that have become quite effective in identifying inmates for the general prison population, less attention has been given to accurately classifying inmates who pose a higher risk and may require ... new long-term offender designation that targets sex offenders, and adds a period of supervision of up to ten years, following release from prison; strengthening the Danger...

• Word Count: 2028
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... over free market electricity was the federal Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 (PURPA) which opened generation markets to independent power producers. Next came the Energy Policy Act of 1992 which set forth a mandate of wholesale wheeling of power over a grid from one electric utility to another. A major component of this act was Order 888, known as the open-access ... rule. It requires utilities that own transmission lines allow others access to those lines. To implement the Energy Policy Act, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (F! ERC) ordered utilities in 1995 to o...

• Word Count: 2067
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate