... federal prisoners will be released early because of the U.S. Sentencing Commission's decision to retroactively apply the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduced prison terms for inmates convicted of crack-cocaine offenses. On a unanimous vote, "unfairly long sentences" for crack offenders, who are mostly African Americans, were reduced to be more compatible with sentences given to powder-cocaine offenders, who are often ... more complicated cases, such as those who used weapons or have previous run-ins with the law, may not be eligible for a reduction. Inmates convicted under state law will n...

• Word Count: 790
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Texas judge William Adams, who ironically presides over child abuse cases, caused uproar when daughter Hillary Adams uploaded a video on YouTube of him savagely beating her with a belt when she was sixteen years old. According to Hillary, the abuse was not a one-time thing. Her mother, Hallie Adams who has since divorced William, claimed that her ex-husband had bouts of violence caused by his "addiction," which they kept as a "family secret" for a long time. Because the statute of limitations has lapsed, William cannot be charged with child abuse, although it is yet to be seen whether his care...

• Word Count: 531
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Arguments for why Reconstruction was not a failure The Reconstruction implemented by Congress reorganized the Southern states after the Civil War, readmitted them into the Union, and defined the means by which whites ... leaders began to arise in the South like Senators Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce. They were elected as delegates to state constitutional conventions. Most importantly, African-Americans could make decisions for themselves where they labored and the type of work they performed. Reconstruction also modernized South with Social reforms. They established adequate school syste...

• Word Count: 269
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... to strike; imposes large wage cuts by mandating workers to pay at least 15 percent of their health insurance costs; bases pay raises for teachers and other workers on performance instead of seniority; and facilitates the decertification of local unions. School districts, municipalities, and other government ... "The nation is watching us in Ohio and we will provide the leadership necessary to become a job creating state and serve as a model for the rest of America" (White). The new law follows Kasich's strategy to outlaw collective resistance to sweeping cuts in social spending and essen...

• Word Count: 500
• Approx Pages: 2
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... as a tool to protect minority groups from laws created by the majority. However, it is a profoundly undemocratic device. Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life and are thus unaccountable to the democratic process. But it is important for democracy to protect the minority from mob rule? Eugene Rostow, in his work "The Democratic Character of Judicial Review" (1952) purports, thus, that ... is a defined role of the Supreme Court to ensure that the minority is protected from "tyranny of the minority." Therefore, it seems that the Supreme Court is the perfect venue for this case. Nev...

• Word Count: 930
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... sales tax from online retailers that have relationships with an affiliate, typically in-state blogs that drive sales to the retailers in exchange for a small cut of the proceeds. Federal law has allowed online retailers to collect sales tax only if the seller has a physical ... Hull). "In California, out-of-state online retailers basically had a 10 percent price advantage every day of the year," said Bill Dombrowski, a spokesman for the California Retailers Association, which backed the legislation. "This is nothing more than some companies trying to get a competitive advantage through ...

• Word Count: 791
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... capitalism demanded the government's intervention. At that time, a certain group of journalists called muckrakers wrote to magazines to expose unregulated business, injustices of corporate power and unsafe working conditions. For example, The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair disclosed injustices of meatpacking and other industries. Based on these exposures, the Progressives believed that the government should protect the rights of vulnerable ... the decision. The Declaration of Independence that advocated liberty and fairness nearly had no influence on improving the status of women. In ...

• Word Count: 1415
• Approx Pages: 6
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... Republican-controlled legislatures in many states. The new measures add legal, financial, and psychological aspects that make it even more difficult for women and doctors. For instance, the new regulations require rooms where abortions are performed to have at least 150 square feet of space, excluding fixed cabinets ... are intended to eliminate access to abortion and there is no need to add an additional provider (Hanna). Bonnie Scott Jones, an attorney for the Center for Reproductive Rights, said, "That's certainly better than no one being open, but it's certainly not enough to meet th...

• Word Count: 804
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the same turmoil. With less money to spend, top American law firms cut hiring altogether or moved to a lower-tier pay system for new associates. In an effort to streamline and cut costs, corporations reduced their legal departments. Lawyers at legal temp companies see about one ... documents, military contracts, and some patent reviews (Timmons). Prior to the new venture, companies were widely contracting lawyers overseas who would work for much less pay. Aashish Sharma, who graduated from law school in India, is one of the many foreigners who were hired by companies ... about 60 perce...

• Word Count: 1048
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... costs of production and make a nice profit." Legalizing marijuana would also place a dual burden on the government of regulating a new legal market, while continuing to pay for the negative side effects associated with an underground market, whose providers have little economic incentive to disappear." Although the article speaks mainly on a federal level, the repercussions would ... is legalized. Finally, let us have another look at the economic debate where marijuana legalization is concerned. Tax revenue generation from marijuana legalization has already been discussed, but supporter...

• Word Count: 4020
• Approx Pages: 16
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and the courts ruled unconstitutional to use a quota system. This ruling still provided a good opportunity to attract a diverse student body, but many minorities were not making the acceptable SAT score to enroll in the finer schools in the country. The University of Michigan has received a great deal of publicity with the lawsuits concerning racial discrimination. The cases of Grutter vs. Bollinger involving ... bringing the lawsuit. The controversy and confusion brought on by this case has centered the U.S. Supreme Court to rule recently in favor of the University in saying that colleg...

• Word Count: 1980
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... more interested in applicants who rank in the top percentile of their class and present an outstanding grade-point average. Another major aspect considered of law school applicants is their score on the Law School Aptitude Test - "a half-day standardized test designed to measure the ability to understand and reason with a variety of verbal and quantitative materials" (Neubauer, 125 ... with a total of about 101 questions. These sections include logical reasoning, analytical reasoning, reading comprehension, a writing sample, and an experimental section, which does not count toward the f...

• Word Count: 1463
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... with scores from 9 to 14 are authoritarian. From 1972 to 1999, Mexico received a combined Freedom House score of either a 7 or 8, putting it in the semi-authoritarian category. In 2000, Mexico crossed the democratic threshold, being assigned a value of 5 (2 for political rights and a 3 for civil liberties), a score it received again in 2001. Most recently, in 2002 and 2003, Mexico received ... a score of 4, due to an improvement in its civil liberties score, which dropped from a 3 to a 2. (Freedom house) This classification corresponds reasonably well to the ... general scholarly conse...

• Word Count: 1920
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... same offense. In my opinion sentencing disparity is unfair. I believe that there should be equal time for the same crime. The justice system should create a sentencing score to go by when handing down sentences. The score should be the same for all jurisdictions in all states and should be followed exactly as written. Judges have too much authority when it comes to sentencing. All ... what they hear in court, but just like all people judges also have bad days meaning that one day one person may receive 15 years with the possibility of parole for armed robbery and the next day another pe...

• Word Count: 473
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... vocational course at the Inns of Court School of law. In 1997, approval was given to outside institutions such as The Manchester Metropolitan University to run the bar vocational course. This allows them to extends their factual knowledge and advocacy skills with practical elements. Students then have ... old fashioned and much criticised custom stemmed from the ides that students would benefit from the wisdom and experience of their elders if they sat among them at meal times. In 1997, the Bar Council announced that the dinning requirement would be reduced to 12 occasions and the ... a...

• Word Count: 1519
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... vocational course at the Inns of Court School of law. In 1997, approval was given to outside institutions such as The Manchester Metropolitan University to run the bar vocational course. This allows them to extends their factual knowledge and advocacy skills with practical elements. Students then have ... old fashioned and much criticised custom stemmed from the ides that students would benefit from the wisdom and experience of their elders if they sat among them at meal times. In 1997, the Bar Council announced that the dinning requirement would be reduced to 12 occasions and the ... a...

• Word Count: 1525
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... law depicts the system of principles that has developed over time through the slow accumulation of custom, tradition, and experience. New Mexico State University stated that, "There are two natural law hypotheses around two distinct things: i) a natural law theory of ethical quality, or what ... as well as disobedience. They were done openly, and they did not try to escape punishment. The same for draft-card burners, and the individuals who sat in at shops that refused to serve blacks. A example act of civil disobedience includes: Refusing to follow a ... contemplation and sentiments o...

• Word Count: 3194
• Approx Pages: 13
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , is assigned to protect its people's rights. However, then the government passes a law that tightens self-censorship to a point where they decide for the people what they can and can't read. In layman's terms the law essentially "bars individuals and media outlets from reproducing materials published by ... not only allow the Russian president Putin to dictate the news but also prevents 'free speech' media programs. English comedian John Oliver, for example, often criticizes Governments on his program, including his own. A Russian "John Oliver" would likely fail in producing the sa...

• Word Count: 1057
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... insight will be ensured. I believe this to be a more complete and well rounded educational and knowledge granting experience. I also intend to apply under the advanced student standing, which will allow for a faster transition through the program. McGill is a world-renowned institution of higher learning, and there is an evident attraction to a degree that is recognized the world over. The final reason ... a few occasions and I am enthralled with its multicultural community and the bilingual facet of life. I believe that I have much to offer McGill, the faculty of law, as well as the univ...

• Word Count: 715
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... example of this sibling rivalry was when Hrut and Hoskuld settled their disputes over inheritance issues and reached an agreement where Hrut compensated Hoskuld for stealing his cattle in Laxardal. In the same text, Olaf and Thorleik had similar sibling-related disputes over Olaf inheriting gifts from their ... legal system was somewhat ordered, it lacked any executive power, and therefore, the rules were not always followed. It "meant that there was no means for preventing men from taking the law into their own hands- (Smiley 757). Many times, certain individuals decided that settling th...

• Word Count: 1650
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

Under the rights for United States citizens stated in the First Amendment of the Constitution, Americans are guaranteed the right to free speech. To some, the amendment is ... is assumed limitations would infringe on American's basic rights and prevent citizens from maintaining their own voices. However, in certain situations, limitations of free speech are necessary for basic protection. Based on the necessary protection of United States citizens, both in security and dignity, limits to free speech are justified in public area if the speech ... harms way. When considering whether free speech...

• Word Count: 948
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... third, the judicial element." Legislative, Executive and Judiciary What function actually do the three organs, which are legislative, executive and judiciary, have? For legislative, the main function is to make law and which involves the enactment of law. This duty is usually carried out by the legislature. In United ... process will be the same in United States and the Congress will passed the law. In Republic of Ireland, the Oireachtas is the lawmaker. For the functions of executive, it is perform by the government or the administration such as police, local authorities and many statut...

• Word Count: 2512
• Approx Pages: 10
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

In 1777, the Continental Congress drafted the original constitution, for the union of the 13 founding states. This was known as the Articles of Confederation. Led by John Dickinson, the Congress designed a loose confederation, rather than a strong and centralized nation. ... ...

• Word Count: 503
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... the elders of each tribe. Secular law emphasized the responsibilities and rights of individuals in the tribe and in their respective families. It also reinforced the importance of their land for clan and individual purposes. Perhaps most importantly, secular law placed parental and tribal responsibility over children throughout their entire childhood. Aboriginal customary laws were considered primitive by the British. When ... ...

• Word Count: 1027
• Approx Pages: 4
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... participants which may result in disabling injury or death (Haber, 2011). This violation can be illustrated by a study done by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at the University of Pennsylvania Institute for Human Gene Therapy. This was a study of experimental treatment in which normal genes containing an adenoviral vector (a family of DNA viruses with a double strand genome) were implanted ... into the liver of individual participants. An eighteen year old male received experimental treatments of a Phase I dose-escalation trial at the University of Pennsylvania (National Institute...

• Word Count: 1236
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate