... . Several factors laid the foundation for the Harlem Renaissance movement. A black middle class had developed following the American Civil War (1861-1865), increasing education and employment opportunities with a new sense of racial pride (Collier, 1985). During the Great Migration, hundreds of thousands of black Americans moved from an economically depressed rural South to industrial cities of the North to take ... was the popularity of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Driven by the charismatic zeal of Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican who had migrated to New York, captured t...

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