... , to allow for flow of urine and menstrual fluid. Depending on the country and specific group involved, a variety of instruments, usually crude ones such as special knives and even sharp stones are used to perform this procedure. In villages, instruments used to perform the procedure are usually not sterile. Often many girls are "operated" on during a single ritual ceremony. The practice ... ...

• Word Count: 2909
• Approx Pages: 12
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... range of surgery that is described in immense, from the standardised use of cauterisation of wounds, the practice of midwifery and the removal of a dead foetus to the removal of stones from the bladder and surgery of eyes, ears, nose and throat (Zahoor, 1992). The instruments he developed included throat that could be used to examine internally the ears and the ... ...

• Word Count: 1871
• Approx Pages: 7
• Grade Level: Undergraduate