... , birds, monkeys and guinea pigs. French chemist Louis Pasteur pioneered new treatments for cholera and anthrax by experimenting on chickens, rabbits and guinea pigs. British surgeon Joseph Lister tested carbolic acid on animals and discovered the substance could effectively sterilize surgical instruments, sutures and wound dressings, thereby preventing infection of wounds. Since then, scientists have used animal experiments to develop vaccines ... , inhumane and unnecessary. "Animals are different to humans in many ways - genetically, anatomically, physiology, emotionally and socially," ...

• Word Count: 666
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... theories of divine retribution and toxic "efflura" gave way to the scientific understandings at Louis Pasteur and his published discovery of bacteria and Joseph Lister describing his experiments with carbolic acid and antiseptics. Now jump forward about one hundred and forty years in modern day surgeries, infection control starts days before surgery with the proper testing and documentation of the patient ... ...

• Word Count: 825
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate