... over $15 billion. Moreover, Italy had received secret promises of specific territorial gains during the war, only to find those promises withdrawn when they con- flicted with principles of self-determination. Italian claims to the west coast of the Adriatic, for instance, were denied by Yugoslavia. Italy received most of the Austrian territories it demanded, but many maintained ... discredited communism by linking it with fascism. Famously, the American political scientist C. J. Friedrich defined totalitarianism as follows: 1. A single mass party, led by one man, which forms the hardcor...

• Word Count: 5609
• Approx Pages: 22
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of Nations a utopian dream doomed to fail? Ever since the outbreak of the great war (World War I), many have argued that the causes for this war were the alliance systems and secret diplomacy, thus when the war had come to an end, there were attempts made to prevent such a situation from taking place again. One of these attempts was reflected by Woodrow Wilson in 1918 when ... ) was yet another example of the failure of the League of Nations, during the rise of Hitler's "Third Reich". For example, in 1936, where Hitler ordered the re-militarisation of the Rhineland, which had been made a...

• Word Count: 1920
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... can be extracted, the Balkans offered access to the Mediterranean Sea. The first Balkan crisis was a conflict between Austria and Russia. During a conference in 1908 Austria and Russia came to a secret agreement that Russia would favor the Austrian annexation of Bosnia, and in return Austria would support the opening of the Straits to Russian warships. Yet Austria broke the word of the secret agreement before it was ... supposed to and proclaimed the annexation of Bosnia. Serbia was furious with Russia because they had wanted ... the annexation of Bosnia for themselves. Austria was able...

• Word Count: 1892
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... by and allowed gross indecencies, to say the least, happen to the Armenian citizens and their culture. The lack of action taken on the Ottoman offenders caused the murders and torture to continue for a long time, and they even influenced future Genocides, like the infamous Holocaust, where millions of Jews were murdered in secret at the hands of Adolf Hitler in the Nazi Death camps. What people did not ... realize was that the lack of action would inevitably come back to haunt them, because of not only the fact that Hitler aimed at and killed a lot of other people ... , not only the Jew...

• Word Count: 1352
• Approx Pages: 5
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... of many years. Although Hungarian by birth he can be ranked with his soviet colleagues. Sharing many of the basic Formalist principles of Eisenstein and Soviet literary critics of the twenties, Balázs manages to integrate these concepts with certain Realist principles. He was fascinated by the "secret power- of the close up to reveal details of fact and emotion and developed a theory of ... the true province of film as "micro dramatics-, the subtle shifts of meaning and the quiet interplay of emotions that the close up is so well ... equipped to convey. His works include The Visible M...

• Word Count: 2143
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... costly in both finances and lives, and a proposed invasion of Japan itself would cost much more. Another solution was needed. And, in the nick of time, one came. Just months after Germany surrendered, ending the war in Europe, the top-secret "Manhattan Project-, with the goal to develop an incredibly powerful "nuclear bomb- was finally complete. On August 6th, 1945, that power was unleashed upon ... the city of Hiroshima, practically leveling the entire city. Several days later, the same fate befell Nagasaki, and the once-proud Japanese, beaten into submission by the might of the nuclea...

• Word Count: 1320
• Approx Pages: 5
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... was not an accident waiting to happen. It is just that on this occasion the participants, in particular Germany, opted not to be deterred. Long Term Causes In one sense of the word 'design' (that of planning) there can be no dispute that the war was the result of a very intricate design. Secret plans determined that any crisis not settled by sensible diplomacy would, in ... the circumstances prevailing in Europe in 1914, lead to general war. Keegan, John, The First World War , London, Pimlico, 1999 , p55 The mobilisation of a million-man army involved complex logistical planning. During...

• Word Count: 2138
• Approx Pages: 9
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... feel as though they had lost all power and control over their own affairs. Thus began the formation of vigilante secret societies, formed as allegiances among the whites who shared these feelings of defenselessness. Groups such as the Pale Faces, the Sons of Midnight, and the Knights of While Camelia began to appear across the South. A group of former Confederate soldiers formed a similar such group called ... the Ku Klux Klan. The smaller groups were eventually absorbed into the KKK, which became the premier group of its ... political rights and to keep liberal whites from allying too ...

• Word Count: 1883
• Approx Pages: 8
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through freely chosen representatives. (2) - Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) - The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures" ... destruction of cities, towns, or village, or devastation not justified by military necessity" (Nuremberg Principles). The Nuremberg Tribunals paved the way for other Tribunals and was a key factor in the creation ...

• Word Count: 2093
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... manufactured governmental propaganda designed to mislead the public and smooth over the implications of the war, and were published to achieve this end. The sources portray the battle as the triumph of gallantry over the foe, the soldiers dribbling a ball across the battlefield, towards the enemy trench and on, presumably towards Berlin. The truth was a little less use to the propaganda machine: Captain Neville was ... the relatives deserve to hear from the soldier. It is also possible to point out the reason we cannot ascertain anything about the trenches from source E is directly becau...

• Word Count: 6124
• Approx Pages: 24
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... a factor which led directly to the outbreak of war. The system of alliances that existed before the respective wars can also be seen to show similarities, although there are some obvious differences in this factor as well. The alliances of the Bismarkian era were in fact a "system", a rigid series of complex and secret official agreements. It contributes to the emergence of Europe into two rival ... and increasingly hostile camps reducing much of the flexibility of the old balance of power, making it much harder for statesmen to preserve ... the peace. Undoubtedly the alliance system c...

• Word Count: 2024
• Approx Pages: 8
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... refuse to do so. Soon after, the Duma steps up and forms the Provisional Government. The Tsar advocates without the use of resistance, and his armies and secret police disintegrate within the next few days. WW I is the decisive factor in the overthrow of the regime, because the people could now blame the Tsar for all of their problems. Now that the Tsar's command has collapsed, the leadership position is available to anyone ... , and several groups within the intelligentsia, as well as the old autocracy and the ... ...

• Word Count: 1522
• Approx Pages: 6
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... nation would come to the aid of the other if one were attacked by Russia. This stipulation paralleled and preceded the treaties between the members of the later alliances which would fight in the war. The formation of the Dual Alliance proved to be a sage move on the part of Bismarck because, although it was supposed to have been secret, the Alliance made the Russians uncomfortable and ... their diplomats approached Germany in 1881. The Three Emperors' League was restored. When ... , in 1882, it grew discontent with France's occupation of Tunisia, Italy approached Germany and asked to jo...

• Word Count: 5871
• Approx Pages: 23
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... people in a fatherly manner especially by providing for their needs without giving them rights or responsibilities, towards the characters in the story. The characters articulate against the paternalistic practices, and how the usage of it in real life is as devastating as applications of it in stories. The protagonist of the story, Gawain le Coeur-Hardy, is a knight in training who lacks confidence and is very isolated ... Gawaine off to fight more dragons as a self-reassurance, instead led Gawaine to death. In an effort to save the school's reputation from harm, "the headmaster and th...

• Word Count: 529
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... War because it was fought between two great powers, which are the Allies and the Central. On April 2, 1917, the United States entered the tournament of world power. The US should've joined the war to pay back Germany for the attacks against the Americans. On May 7, 1915 the Lusitania which is also the Titanic's sister was sunk without warning by German U-boats it killed ... rights at sea. In an attempt to eliminate the threat of American involvement in Europe, Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmerman attempted to provoke Mexico and Japan into attacking the United States with the promise of Germ...

• Word Count: 303
• Approx Pages: 1
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... factories, farm equipment, trucks, trains, and ships. Petroleum fuels also generate heat and electricity for many houses and business places." (http://www.fueloil.com) The word petroleum is a compound word derived from two Latin words meaning "rock oil." This valuable resource is a staple in today's energy consuming world. Not ... has been developed for a number of uses other than fuel, including paving, cosmetics, fabrics, and engine grease. Fuel, however, is still the primary use for petroleum today, since it ignites and burns more readily than other fuel sources. It is also much easier...

• Word Count: 727
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... men killed or emotionally and mentally shattered by World War I. The novel is brutally honest and is told from the unique first-person viewpoint of a young German soldier, Paul Baumer. From the first hand accounts of Remarque, who served in the war, Baumer's depiction of the horrors and degradations of war, and the physical, spiritual and psychological toll it takes on all its participants ... gains credibility and makes for shocking and powerful reading. Within the short space of a few hundred pages Remarque strips the somewhat romanticized "great" war of all its false glory and reveal...

• Word Count: 424
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are heightened as fault lines begin to emerge and disputes, grievances and long running feuds that have been held in check by times of relative peace rise to the surface. Prior to the first world war the world had been relatively stable for over a century – or so it had seemed. But often this outward appearance of stability is only an illusion as ... descended into a vicious civil war which ended with the creation of separate states representing each of the ethnic groups. Everyone is aware of the disastrous consequences which followed the artificial creation of the State of Israel in ...

• Word Count: 674
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... through a substantial transformation of its structure. Besides this, it's important to underline that all NATO countries have liberal economies and share the same democratic values. A state with a liberal economy produces and exports products to the international market, thereby increasing worldwide wealth. War interrupts trade and causes inflation. Thus, all NATO members are inclined to avoid war and ... to promote peace with states with which they trade goods and services. In terms of security operations, the increasing complexity of the joint and combined military activities has brou...

• Word Count: 608
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... . Many veterans were affected by shell shock, now known as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and no one knew how to deal with it. Aboriginal peoples didn't find much relief after the war, either. Their expectations were quickly let down as they found out their social status didn't improve one bit, along with losing their right to vote ... mutual trouble You just rolled up your sleeves and you didn't care how tired you were or anything else." The Wartime Elections Act in 1917 allowed women related to servicemen the ability to vote during the war. After the war ended, all of the effort women...

• Word Count: 760
• Approx Pages: 3
• Has Bibliography
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... colonised countries such as India, South Africa, and parts of North Africa. France as well had colonised several countries including Morocco, Tunisia, New Caledonia, etc. As imperialism increased, so did the need for prestige. Disputes occurred between countries, for example, France and Italy over Tunis, Britain and Germany over South Africa, and France and Germany over Morocco. Germany, a late player, was ... eager to gain a place in the sun as shown in source C, a British postcard which is reliable in portraying how Britain felt about Germany, however not reliable in showing what was ...

• Word Count: 930
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... , was gradually building up its fights, clashes and arguments over small, simple issues, which would turn into greater ones reasonably soon. Germany, a nation of strength and remarkable pride, had taken the lead in industry, over Britain. Austria-Hungary, a multicultural environment, containing nations with those who wanted self-government and liberty, was losing its once so firm and respectably well-built supremacy ... -Prussian War was seen as an embarrassment and a sign of weakness. Russia, a vast piece of land, a lot of different cultures, a fierce and passionate nation, protecting he...

• Word Count: 1104
• Approx Pages: 4
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... are several examples to back up this statement. The United States entered the War of 1812 after she perceived Britain of continuously violating the international law of freedom of the seas for neutral states. The tyrannical colonial rule of the Spanish over Cuba and the Philippines and the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine predicated American declaration of the Spanish-American War. President Woodrow Wilson reluctantly lead ... out, they already introduced guided "Vengeance" missiles, jet propelled aircraft, and snorkel submarines into combat (32). If the Germans had developed the ato...

• Word Count: 708
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... others that had occurred in recent years took very few lives and caused marginal problems with both authority and civilian. But was this due to the minor changes? The sailors revolt against authority showed revolution characteristics, however, the pandemonium caused was merely a cry for order as oppose to a battle of revolutionary change. When we review other revolutions that had occurred before that time ... to categorise this event as a revolution but could we not just be viewing a major turning point in German history? The civil service remained unreformed after 1919 along with the j...

• Word Count: 768
• Approx Pages: 3
• Grade Level: Undergraduate

... and tense situation while it existed, and Germany was able to then gauge these powerful allies" abilities and shortcomings and preparedness for conflict. The Arms Race and plans for war such as the von Schlieffen plan also forced the European countries to reevaluate their ability to repel invasion and defend themselves. It became imperative to be able to not only assemble a vast army ... this successfully varied greatly. However, nothing could have spelled the downward spiral of the political tension of the time to a full-blown war like the alliances between the countries comprising Eur...

• Word Count: 621
• Approx Pages: 2
• Grade Level: Undergraduate